我们都知道中国的地图像一只雄鸡,也可以说雄鸡像中国的地图,应当是无论画什么都像是看到了地图。
整体意识就是鸟的视角这种观察方式十分象鸟,鸟找回自己的窝非常容易,在天上它是居高临下的。一只蚂蚁或虫子一但迷了路,找自己的家是很艰难的。这种观察方式从大的剪影入手,首先是宏大的,全局的, 整体意识正可以通过这种观察方式牢固的建立起来,。任何形都有自己的特征和个性,在大小、长短、曲直、方圆的对比中展现着自己形状的个性。","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"ccc62d2b06af6a42fadf2bb52faa7a81"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1690,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a35252fa91b94cc6b568176530752b85__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"
这是我用于画理讲解的作品。这幅速写基本上是从一个点推着画的。当然,我早已看到了她全部外形的剪影,是\"成竹在胸\"的作画方式。五官的线,我注意了强弱虚实的变化。上衣的线与脸相比,勾的松,线条较宽。用边线之间的距离表现了毛衣的厚度。并注意了手臂线条的\"疏\"与毛衣腰部边上纹理的\"密\",以密衬疏。我注意了牛仔裤对身体的紧密包裹,认真地画了每一条裤子上的衣纹和针角线。膝关节后面的线条,是我的得意之笔,用笔贯气如写书法,形体关系却清晰严谨。从头到小腿构成了一条长线,她的动态就是靠这条线表现的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"eb0a86df982144aadfdb31f7d39ad71a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":746,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/97073215a1d14ea986a33cd62a164f90__jpg.heic","img_width":542,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这个黑影就是我画这个女孩的时候被我最先看到的形状,在这个阶段应当忘记自己画的是人还是物,看到的只是形状的正形和形状之外的负形,会画画与不会画画的根本差别就在于是否建立了这种\"抽象\"的\"平面\"的形状的意识,或称之为\"剪影\"意识。中国的太极图中的\"阴阳鱼\"就是正负形的关系,正形准了负形自然会准。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5acfa74f7928d7d46df15df6336bd47f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":660,"img_width":870,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在观察的第一步是把一切看作平面,形的问题在二维当中解决,我将其简化为\"剪影观察重外形\",就像看地图上国家的疆域围成的形状,比如中国的版图像一只公鸡。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c2a8e61c2a734eb6e1879805a2cdbf5d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1764,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/dc74faa277eb432f929d7891dc9b51f8__jpeg.heic","img_width":1278,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"不断的比较它们大小和形状的不同,就象比较地图中国家的不同形状那样,它们也是互为正负的。这种比较贯穿了作画的全过程。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8ed8664f49418eddb11c145cca8f2b8f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1104,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a570c804550a443e83b2f0db7ae571ce__jpeg.heic","img_width":1056,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5d5acc32860cd8f0edc8c003b3589e7f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1024,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/26a596b6240742efa54d8ba36b719637__jpeg.heic","img_width":2048,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"画的准画得象是学习绘画最根本的目的和要求,绝对准确又往往被认为是很难达到的,\"准确\"的训练其实就是形状的训练,也就是剪影观察的方式的训练,这样的训练指向的正是形状的个性特征,也就是形状之间的区别,包括形的大小,方圆,歪正,锐钝,几何形有机形等等。其中也包含了比例的问题。从剪影出发学习把形画准是最直截了当的学习途径,画准应该是十分简单的事。这种训练方式,直接指向边线围成的形,是解决画\"准\"画\"象\"的最有效之法,在所有的事物和所有局部细节的刻画中都可以的应用,比如眼睛是由上下眼皮的边缘围成的形、耳朵是由外耳廓围成的形等等。
在一个更高的学习阶段,要求画的\"狠\"象,需要有对所画事物的深入\"体验\"而加入情感投射,\"画出万事万物的内在精神\"(伦勃朗语)。那是超越了机械的照片式的准确,在这个意义上绘画的准确是来自画者的主观感受。在这个高级阶段,正负形的准确当然是有所偏离的。这也是最先看到的剪影。使初学者望而怯步的人体比例和透视缩减问题可以忽略不学,因为它们造成的复杂的形状变化已经在正负关系当中被解决了。在速写的深入阶段,剪影的观察方式也是无时不在的,同样要忘记她是什么,只看到形状。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"86475ef5a514a9d8154131d8790bbb4d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3b772d61b9544939eec5ad4782ad706__png.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"形的运动和张力是素描语言的基本表达。在书法中看的更清楚,同一个\"国\"字,颜真卿写出来硕壮圆浑,有向外膨胀的力。欧阳询写出来是劲瘦清秀,有向内收敛的力。最基本的张力就是这样理解的。
形的运动是指形状的运动趋势和内在的韵律。左右相对的两条线是萝卜的外形,还是左右相对的这两条线,如果上下错动,马上产生运动趋势和内在的韵律,成了维纳斯的曲线。外形的重要性要在运动和张力的表达中去认识。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"359e871f092a797e7d1eb6c3ec07e031"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2048,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a2e112fb96f246cc80d795e74009da95__jpeg.heic","img_width":1536,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"下面以大师的作品为例,进一步拓展和深化触觉素描的基础理论。荷尔拜因的素描,少年长的丑:脸长,眼分,嘴小,下巴大。以冷静客观著称的荷尔拜因,实则敏锐勇敢不会阿谀讨好。
触摸式观察的最开始阶段,就先看地图,我称之为鸟的视角。好像鸟在俯瞰大地,鸟找到自己家是非常准确而容易的,因为它看的大、看的全、了解整体,实际上剪影的观察方式就是看到整体的形状。虫子一旦谜了路,找自己的家非常困难,因为它看的小、看的局部、不了解整体。
在我的素描教学中,对形的理解和表现涉及一个最重要的概念就是\"剪影\"。剪影就是边缘线围成的形,像剪刀剪下来的影子。
外形可以这样分析:开始看到一个形状A,叫正形,B是空白的形,叫负形,正负形又叫 \"图底关系\",也好比海洋和陆地的关系。B的白形状像两个人的侧面,西方有这样的心理测试图,两个侧面的脸相对,空白变成一个花瓶,是在提示我们负形也是形象。正负形的意识很重要。画不准的人一定是只顾正形,不看负形。是正负两部分的形构成了完整的画面。中国画论里有个词叫\"计白当黑\",是把空白的地方像黑的实体一样去对待,白和黑同样的重要,中国的太极图里阴形和阳形同样重要,中间的S线与黑白两个形有关,这条S线既是黑形的边缘线,又是白形的边缘线。
这种地图式正负形的观察方式,不光是在一个大的外形上有效,在所有小的形状之间同样有效。冒子像一个法国面包,头发像一个马蹄铁,脸像一个鲨鱼的头,身体像一个大胖鸟张着嘴把鲨鱼含在嘴里,可能有些形什么也不像,只像它自己。
进一步看,这张脸也可以用剪影的方式来观察。额头和鼻子像一个酒杯,两眼像两条对着游的鱼,嘴像菱角。剪影的道理用在哪里都是一样的。在这个阶段必须忘记你画的是什么东西。学会了这种观察方式,你就会画画了!观察方式不对,就不可能会画画,其实从不会画画到会画画是一瞬间的事,在这一瞬间肯定是你明白了这种特殊的观察方式。美国有一位叫贝蒂·爱德华的好老师,善于教人速成学画,她写了一本书叫《像艺术家一样思考》,其教学方法与我不谋而合。像艺术家一样思考,就是像艺术家一样观察,就是剪影观察,地图观察。接受这种简单快捷的训练,画画是很快就可以学会的。这种观察能够保证你画的特征鲜明,即准又像。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d652c14828636482a267ed3ab2f57ca5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1970,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/9dfe357f34fa42df8260d80759cf3d85__jpeg.heic","img_width":1536,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"cfd7986528b2588943bb9a0c3883830d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":492,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e5aea1d04c51488abcf70f188d8031be__jpeg.heic","img_width":640,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"b957ad79d2f5cc5a6707e42cf75b5afd"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b9e6b0be3a5c4705bdfa2e98f581b872__jpeg.heic","img_width":2884,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"758b7040ad8fe76184de892ccfff0aaa"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1398,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/89fb1fdd861d4d8db9b474b9753ee270__png.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f6da4620ce57359895bebfc85493214b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1892,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/09cedd5d25ab4744b9810e33e42bf531__jpeg.heic","img_width":2632,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"521b34578d39dff4e1474fe4ba59a85d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":210,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ae22c4ff3aee416bb59cc76b3cc99428__jpg.heic","img_width":722,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1720c614e0c9a0a329d04ab32f079100"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1166,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e6e1d249e37e46a1a5ccfd5fccdea1d4__jpg.heic","img_width":846,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"几条有叠压的边缘线已经表达了体积,表达了物像的前后关系。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"eb0fbb9a00964cc49ae41c1da463f58b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":982,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b4c76dafceb24ba8aa694a8df4ae2d5b__jpg.heic","img_width":766,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":" 在标出1、2、3、4的区域示意了线与线叠压的层次关系,1压着2,2压着3,等等,线与线的叠压表现的其实是面与面的叠压,线是面的边缘。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"67ee013a86f002b8f8327d259cee56f9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":866,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7e2f3876a9c047d8b030fab6401b6e11__jpg.heic","img_width":742,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"以线为主的刻画,更象是用铅笔在纸上\"制作\"着形形色色的物体。要重视线的结束点,一种表现是被其它线压到了后面(简单叠压),另一种表现是它转化成了\"坡面\"(互含叠压),正是这些坡面,表现了形体在空间中的起伏和透视,体积由此产生。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"bfa308813d4ace33f7e33e83d27718e1"},"img_del":0,"img_height":612,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/487070bc299e4b06b09cfc426de48df0__jpeg.heic","img_width":524,"is_origin":true,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"b3c92c921455653ab821edc1dd337fd0"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1648,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/056c0444837346419d382cfa900fa690__jpeg.heic","img_width":2520,"is_origin":true,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在互含叠压的关系中,重要的是线与结束点,那往往是表现体积的关键所在。在这样一个脸的局部中所有标出的位置都是线的结束点,也是\"线\"变成\"面\"的转化点,这样的点我称之为\"坡\"。其实,解剖的问题、结构的问题、透视缩减的问题已经被含概其中了。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1201504ded41df9f24bfcb991b64fa5f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/bd1f02d6b2e44a0bb3ede7027fadc178__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"89c9373d92c001568743b7dfcf41360a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2048,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6e72d44f86304dbf94e381cc350e3a00__jpeg.heic","img_width":1536,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米开朗基罗是一个雕塑家,有一双雕塑家的手,对体积的理解清晰透彻。能够把形体彻底而完整地在空间关系当中塑造出来,在雕塑家的脑子里体的概念是三维的。以米开朗基罗素描的局部为例。这幅人体习作是为宏伟的西斯廷礼拜堂天顶画作的大量写生稿之一,他主要是用线来勾形体,用有限的明暗表现了复杂的肌肉起伏。在此只截取脖子肩头一段来说明\"体\"的问题。在我的素描教学中,对体积的理解和表现涉及一个最重要的概念就是\"叠压\"。我的总结是\"边线叠压前后现\",叠压关系非常好理解,就是:1压着2,2压着3,这条线压着那条线,又压着这条线,3压着4,4压着5,5压着6。层层叠压的边线一旦画出来,马上就会感觉到体积的存在。米开朗基罗是我们学习的范本,他的作品像丢勒的作品一样,是最有说服力的,必须多去研究和临摹。这脖子的厚度,肩头的厚度,都是用线来表现的。
叠压还分为两类,一类叫前后叠压,或者叫\"简单叠压\",1压着2,2压着3。另一类叫\"互含叠压\",出现了转折、扭动与连续,是最常见的叠压关系。这些带三角的点是从线到面过渡的点,我把它叫\"坡\",像中国山水画里的\"披麻皴\",这些坡面被大师表现的很好,它不只是明暗,其实它更是起伏,没有画太多的明暗,这个体积关系已经表现的很充分了。我的总结是\"坡面转画体积生\"。
伯里曼的教学,是对米开朗基罗和鲁本斯的理性分析之后的集结,体块结构的概括方式让我受益终生。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"3e607477f4f9bcddc9c5c579a2f618d2"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f1750323c67b40c4a0020c26c7866ff2__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"触摸还像建筑师的手,对形体的内部关系有深入的理解和认识。塞尚讲过:在我看来,世界是由方块、圆柱、圆球、和三角锥这些不同的体构成的。这样的理解对体积的认识是有帮助的,要把一切物体都看成透明的,分析和理解物体的横断面,这也是结构素描的基本理论。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"4df17015aacf05ccaa4cffa73ffd2e71"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3675361c0294d168a95500bf3704475__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"49f27427db8b32c2eca132ad5e54330d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7f710f198f334989ba3469271ae57f77__jpeg.heic","img_width":2844,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"52b45f81529fc3028fff84f48d2690df"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6ab7518c5603461ea77f9004165167c9__jpeg.heic","img_width":3442,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"fad844fc111f8f5ab0edeaa013b675ae"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1118,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/72e663e4b48c419382d4ccd6d6f19f39__jpeg.heic","img_width":2048,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"最简单的方式总结形和体。这个六边形是剪影,是边缘线围成的形,加上高棱,瞬间变成形体,出现各各朝向的面。体在空间里转动,边缘和高棱不断转换,透视变化不断生成。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9a24f31caacd26ba187fc2a7072d005f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1622,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/0303d36dea0648f9b5654bef00f802f3__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"有两个快捷的理解方法是我在20年前总结出来的。G和K的理论。
其一,我称之为\"字母G的理论\",最常见的三条线叠压的关系很像大写字母G。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"51b71e6a7c8b471617ba31427337efca"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1082,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/533fd5152a444d0cb95a1d107df14307__jpeg.heic","img_width":1260,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"初学的人往往把表现套环状的两条线连起来,这样体积就没有了。以两个杯子为例,第一个比较薄,第二个比较厚。两条线离的越近就越薄,离的越远就越厚,其实用线表现体积是特别简单的。
其二是字母K的理论。说的还是线与线的叠压关系问题,这种表现的组合关系很像大写字母K。往往被画画的人忽略,其实了解这一点很重要。有\"碰\"\"压\"\"离\"三种表现。
字母K的组合关系到处可见,在此仅以鼻子和脸颊为例。第一组为\"碰\"的表现,\"碰\"是不好的组合,它破坏了形体关系,干扰了空间的表达,鼻子和脸颊出现了\"共用点\"。共用点和共用线是一定要避免的!第二组是\"压\",非常好,有表现力。第三组是\"离\"也很好。或\"压\"或\"离\"都可以,只有\"碰\"绝对不可以。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9895ac60e510212230f659d6a5165863"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1428,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d3730a51353443e5854ac1d5e092f4f8__jpg.heic","img_width":1116,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"图中清晰的地方都是大写字母G的例证,我们可以发现很多很多的字母G。脖子从领子里面出来、手从袖口里面出来、拇指从拇指球的地方出来、衣褶的变化、这耳朵的变化也是一样,都是这三条线的叠压关系,几乎到处的立体关系全是三条线叠压的,没有质的区别,只有量的多少,可能发生很多次。立体关系好像很复杂,这样理解就容易了。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c77e5f6e893b419dca4f7e376e9ee0a3"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1014,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7c98ffb85f0c4be4ba3613e116d78d86__jpg.heic","img_width":1006,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"4406d4679c423dabad3f7b0d53c0d2db"},"img_del":0,"img_height":700,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5d12febfd4f84c24b49665a0500d3ee4__jpg.heic","img_width":752,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"83d8bd7c50d16c401abfa41c4ae8e846"},"img_del":0,"img_height":776,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/4085e92620cd4e0081c363b81d6bc220__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"明暗当然是有用,是营造氛围的最有效手段。它在创作中非常重要,比如17世纪荷兰的用光大师伦勃朗,明暗营造烘托出了戏剧化的氛围,它的画有交响乐般的恢弘。明暗作为绘画语言当中有效的表达方式,也应当很好的学习。但学早了明暗是危险的,它应当是第二个阶段的训练内容,明暗虚实的手段很容易出效果,往往成为画不好素描者自欺欺人的\"遁形术\"。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"646dbd83ff0eca107e2fd8d958536198"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1298,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5e9bd1e86fa34bb99a9a647e54648f6e__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"要想象这个体积是什么样的,一定要\"看\"到体积背面的形状,像是盲人的手去触摸。刻画应该是穷追不舍的状态,确定了外形之后,便从一个局部的点开始推着画,在步步紧追的过程中,所有的细节像触摸过一样,很像闭着眼睛或者是在黑暗当中伸出去摸索的一只手,你的眼睛这个时候变成了一只手,像手一样随着起伏在形体上爬动,画者的状态又必须很像虫子,像虫子在复杂的表面上爬。但是,千万不要忘了:我这条虫子心里装着整体是由鸟变成的。
这张素描提示的问题十分重要:明暗调子表现起伏要有严格的方向,必须按照形体的走势来画。这是我从丢勒的素描里学来的最有效方法,并作用于我的油画。在我的油画里,用笔触的方向塑造形体也是得益于对丢勒的学习。在此应当带着这个问题重看《祈祷的手》。
被电脑强化以后,铅笔线的方向看的更清楚了。明暗调子画的再少也要画的精准到位,更要注意调子随着形体的朝向排列出线条的方向。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"baf12a4cd0b86ba90f66145a4d32d026"},"img_del":0,"img_height":822,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/2f3e7bacce7d4a229acdcb668092e6e9__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"还有一个训练很像医院里检查身体照CT切片,一片一片的切下来,医生便会看见里面出了什么问题。这个训练是针对体积感的。训练的办法是画大透视、大俯仰的大角度,目的是通过对物体断面的观察和理解,认识体积的复杂变化。
具体的例子是我画的两个石膏像,右面的部分是最终完成的全因素的素描,左面的部分是CT画法的分析过程或叫结构素描,把写生对象当作一个水晶体来透彻地理解。断面的分析帮助很大,如果这个步骤作到了,就是雕塑家之手,也是医生之手,有到位的写实能力。前文提到代表理性风格的贾克梅迪,他的素描就是这种方式的拓展。他的研究不是给人看的,全部舍弃掉了外表的漂亮,是画给他自己的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1a16b1f359c9be2592622ca73fe4194f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/66ae18b477164390aef2d99a5425ac1b__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5789488488df671c1f67a8f07cea4646"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f9d1d5ad37b14e34a6bd2a3073870dc3__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"597549d8c0083ceaaa0c24dd6ab6ab1a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5e7729ecaebf4a11a35651d1d6c1aa29__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d5ae9bf18ac5ff27be48db973303c30c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/65f1976d98c840c3a61bcda405d3dd1d__jpeg.heic","img_width":2814,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"477c8b84497a373c9ffa185757a8ab33"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1644,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/40288bef083d44fcb335fb5b0037cf13__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f1672aaa33539b187127997b6c9e478a"},"img_del":0,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"把假人放倒的训练目的也是为了建立横断面的意识,学会画出透视缩减。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"53c1b66e8583c2c8ee12f6be9ca0b74e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":214,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/8ec7d05019764961a7bfb25eb4c32b9d__jpg.heic","img_width":600,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c75ab8c9ad1b87ef816b05a446fd3efe"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1ea5aca4dd534988b16eca57a0914ed1__jpeg.heic","img_width":2762,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"黑尔的《向大师学素描》是好书,对经典素描的体积分析很到位。
“临摹好画是捷径”,还有比大师经典更好的画吗?大师才是我们的学习范本。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"dff40427643c529a6dc487ab4fa6e835"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1442,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/52c7fe751023461fbd03bbec0b73810f__jpeg.heic","img_width":2386,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"达芬奇一件衣纹训练的小画,达到了素描的最高境界。何其典雅高贵,何其丰富深刻。
一行法师说:\"如果我们非常仔细地观看任何东西的心,它会揭露自己。\"
这就是放下标签与概念的意思。这是最直接的沟通,最直接的\"看\"。真的知道如何看,在那一刹那,事物自然会揭露自己的真面目。人生是如此,创意也是如此。
看到原貌,进而看到因果。两种如何\"看\"的能力其实是一种能力的两个面向,这能力就是安静。静下心来,并不表示松散,而是更专注地吸收面前的一切。在\"如是观\"中,用一颗安静的心放下标签和概念,让自己内心归零,变成一个最佳接收器。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"ac07bd64851532a0c9dc31d99ee04341"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1726,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/81a43bf57c984ef5800681b624fe5fc1__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"古典大师都是画布高手,训练布纹的目的绝对不是从此会画衣褶衬布那样功利。布纹藏着素描的全部秘密,布纹画的好,素描就彻底懂了。它藏着素描的全部秘密!
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f2349e79546c58813d54f5749198240b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1712,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ad7b6ebe23494aa19b4a6d725c37bc0f__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"一件布纹训练的示范,必须画的清晰明白,没有含糊其辞,没有不清不楚。画到究竟才见到素描的核心。
用一颗安静的心放下标签和概念,让自己内心归零,我理解为\"纯真之眼\"。初学者本有的纯真是可贵的,即便是成了速写高手,也不要忘了对造化的谦卑、对真实的恭敬、对画面的诚恳。永远要象个新手那样认真的观察、深刻的感受、质朴的表现。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"677b97788c35f21e9e8a8c5094b8c560"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1058,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/550c784286114b12a4396bce9a20f852__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在这个3D人物身上,我们可以看到网格状的线,抽掉明暗调子,它也是立体的。在网格状的线当中,横切断面的线,表现了透视和体积,显然比竖线更有表现力。膝盖、额头、肘尖是球状的,在网格状的线当中,两个方向都是有表现力的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d16140a57c76fed186c0ade79d75265b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1442,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b46725a181f343779390a156d4c2dab5__jpeg.heic","img_width":1440,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"美剧里的龙妈在三D里网格化,成为素描好教具。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"086ec84de1c2d4f6401aad7100cf157d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/faf698bd2f614adb9143c809bba61cc4__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"77fb8e7870dcf8244d3513f5f597fee3"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1290,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f08f0440fe804d4e8370829c26c04ed8__jpeg.heic","img_width":1060,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"568de5c89374e948d6674430e3a92335"},"img_del":0,"img_height":158,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3c48212d79a44cf48c345492a9b09b66__jpg.heic","img_width":616,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"667446dc6aa9807520e64613c3bf2824"},"img_del":0,"img_height":88,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d78a7af825da4158952d8220bcd735ec__jpg.heic","img_width":680,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"素描的风格有很多种,教学的方法也有不同。这个老师这样讲,那个老师那样讲,这一个大师这样画,另一个大师那样画,学生们可能会造成困惑,可是什么方式才是正确的呢?可能都是正确的,也可能都是好的。重要的是:什么方式是适合你的,适合你现在的学习阶段的,要做出正确的选择和判断首先需要对整个美术史,起码是对整个素描史要有一个比较宏观的把握。这里不可能写一本素描史,但是,将不同的素描风格做一个大的分类是必要的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"902bb76fb77518052b96fcb33e320d5d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/37bc4dc9b947434c95e4eab0026189e2__jpg.heic","img_width":936,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"我想出了一个示意图。在风格系统中每一位画家都会找到各自的位置。在结构视图中,具象-抽象、感性-理性、触觉-视觉构成了六个极点和三个坐标轴,组成了一个立体的示意图。
难道说只有六种极点的选择吗?在六个极点之间有很多的中间阶段,一张画很可能处在一个中间的位置上。中间的点一般是古典大师的位置,达·芬奇可能在这个地方。这示意图有直观的功效,借此,我们能够清晰、明确地见到这些大师之间的风格关系。如此,遇到不同的老师强调不同的艺术指向时,你才不会迷失方向。比如,很多老师这样讲:这张画太\"紧\"了,\"紧\"了不好,你要画的\"松\",你要画的\"虚\"。为什么说\"紧\"了不好?为什么说要画得\"虚\"而\"松\"?他有他的道理。但是现在,先要学习的是触觉素描,那是基础,要\"紧\"而\"实\",我有我的道理。在这两个道理当中,都是对的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"76396ce40158dd1f8a94e634b2ae754e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":770,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b03f9c81bd1f4083958b493bbbcbc1a9__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"文艺复兴时代尼德兰的画家,凡·德尔·维登的素描。是触摸式素描的例子,为《抹大拉的玛利亚》画的草图。很像中国工笔画的一个线描稿,那些古典大师们都是用线来表现形体的,明确而肯定的边缘线是锐利的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f169125e24887930cfdc6661654716a9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1530,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/47c072247d34494b9194e5b3e21ecfb0__jpeg.heic","img_width":1280,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7abeba773448b266d67dff8d81100954"},"img_del":0,"img_height":388,"img_width":567,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"十九世纪的法国画家米勒的作品。是典型的视觉式的素描,边缘全是模糊的。在他的油画中,物体的边缘也都是模糊的,比如《拾穗者》中那三个农妇的脸,你看不清她们的表情,看不清她们的五官长的什么样。画面很简洁很模糊也很圆厚。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0db40899654145029f836335e1ba9055"},"img_del":0,"img_height":756,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/43ad3366e5134f3aae6c9458e0a8410a__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这是西班牙当代画家安东尼奥·洛佩斯·加西亚的作品,画的是他的小女儿。是典型的具象素描,或可称为写实素描。是和我们眼睛看到的具体而真实的世界非常接近的风格。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a4d2bc5468044eab53b781c9ec250376"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a63fe507bc454c24882823b5f7df56ac__jpg.heic","img_width":740,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"另一位西班牙的画家塔彼埃斯的作品,代表抽象的素描风格。尽管画面里仍然能看到一点形象,主体像一只脚,更重要的是他利用了很多的抽象元素来建构画面的节奏,比如说黑、白、灰、点、线、面、质感等等。
对比两张画,从具象到抽象,这是风格上的两极,这样好像走到了风格标尺的两头,表面看他们好像没有内在联系,其实他们的联系是很紧密的。具象和抽象都有画面语言的构成问题,都要利用绘画的元素来建构,对画面抽象构成关系的理解,对我们进一步认识素描很有帮助。遗撼的是,很多选择写实风格的人,不去看抽象画,或者看不懂抽象大师的作品,那么他的写实也不可能达到语言化表述的高度。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"6898cad064afab7267941f77d74e0e92"},"img_del":0,"img_height":894,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/bc85e175a37f4bbc906a229b312f5d0c__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"贾克梅迪的素描,他是理性分析的典型代表。他的素描不是触摸式的。画面中留下的是分析和理解过程的痕迹。在这里,他像科学家那样分析和研究眼前的事物,他的画有点像科学试验的草图,留下了各种各样试错的线条,在这样的画面中我们也能感觉到空间中的立体关系。或可以称其为\"结构素描\"。边缘的线,可能画了五、六条,那么哪一条是准的呢,可能有一根是相对准确的,这叫\"试错\",按照波普尔的说法,我们人类认识世界就是不断试错的过程。这个理论我也一直很欣赏,他有一句名言:\"我们要做的就是尽早的犯错误\"。不怕画坏,不怕犯错误,你早一点犯错误,你就会早一点走向正途。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9dfb49e7215162bc7ee2a234f035fe29"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1338,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c4b3e9ba4f2b4978ba3f41adb127ff81__jpeg.heic","img_width":1024,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0970e9ca2f25faabfd0c30d55fb804d6"},"img_del":0,"img_height":567,"img_width":579,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"一幅梵高的素描,夸张的造型是表现主义的感性表达。是不是这里面就没有理性分析?理性分析的成分还是存在的,黑白灰与点线面强弱虚实的即兴处理。其实差别很大的风格之间也不是互相割裂的。正是梵高说过这样的话:我画画的状态表面看像是激情宣泄,其实我在进行着很精密的数学计算。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"72a61f2b37f760ffa9de479b559aac42"},"img_del":0,"img_height":88,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/16eb2a0b5c8e411b92a590e4886f50a7__jpg.heic","img_width":594,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"素描一词古汉语中没有,\"素描\"一词是借自日本,明治维新以后翻译西学而造新词,几乎被全套用于我国推翻帝制以后的学术界。中国古代绘画当然有素描现象。中国传统的素描方式包括:白描、课徒稿、画稿和书法,从理论到技法发展最完备的山水画,其丰富的皴法变化和笔墨样式都可以归于素描。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"4c346cd722f787f2c11e0167d34decd8"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7ca804da9289432f9770868d56943f3f__jpg.heic","img_width":928,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在中国美术史当中。有个词叫\"吴带当风\",还有个词叫\"曹衣出水\"。吴带当风指的是 中国本土的造型传统,借唐代大画家吴道子为这一风格冠名,画飘带像在风中飞舞,用这样的造型表现人物灵动鲜活之气,也可以说用强调外形\"剪影\"的方式来造型。这一传统古老而久远,中国春秋时代的绘画作品《御龙人物》东晋顾恺之的作品中,都会看到一种吴带当风式的表现。
在这张汉代画像砖的拓片中我们看到两个不同的剪影,一个侧面,一个正面,如果生活中的人这么站立,我们会觉得很滑稽,那样扭起来,像跳草裙舞。但是,在这张作品当中你会感受到他是很有表现力的,他通过外形剪影的夸张和变化,暗示了人的动态、体积和表情,他是靠强化造型剪影来实现的。\"剪影\"是非常关键的一个词,在我的素描教学当中很强调剪影,外形的轮廓线围成的这个面积就叫剪影,像剪刀剪下来的影子,像皮影戏,也象映到墙上的影子。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0c07e94e19f1e8c6791925fb015d2b87"},"img_del":0,"img_height":976,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/12a1644336d5438b8eba369e5864cb1b__jpg.heic","img_width":710,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"\"曹衣出水\"指的是北齐的大画家曹仲达画佛教人物衣纹的方式,他勾的衣纹线就象从水里出来的人一样,湿衣服贴在身上,美术史便借曹仲达为这一传统冠名。这是唐代画家卢楞伽画的《六尊者像》之一,尊者旁边站着一个人,是印度人,或是一个胡人,他身上的衣服就是曹衣出水,非常典型,衣服都贴在身上,包裹在身上。这个传统哪儿来的呢?这个传统来自印度,来自西域的佛教艺术,往前追溯,是印度的楗陀罗风格。楗陀罗风格是印度本土的造型传统和古希腊艺术结合的风格。我们在古希腊的维纳斯雕塑上可以见到衣裙是裹在身上的,像从水里站起来的一样,所以说曹衣出水的源头在古希腊。美术史关系是网状的,是多种风格样式互相交织的历史。中国的造型问题当中就出现了曹衣出水和吴带当风两个传统的碰撞。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"431fc6eabe0f9e2adea8806f1765328c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3655fa91f8894d4b8ec38cb0e9aeacb6__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"宋代兴起了礼学思想,强调儒家的\"格物\"精神,格物就是对真实的一种虔诚研究的态度。宋代成为中国绘画最写实的时代。宋朝的时候是公元10世纪,那时,西方还处在中世纪的阶段,文艺复兴的写实绘画要等500年后才会出现。
宋代李公麟的作品《五马图》之一,画得很棒,非常写实。《五马图》是中国式的写生作品,用十分准确和真实的造型,表现了不同人物和不同马匹的个性特征和精神气质,表现了人物体质相貌上的民族和地域的特点,马匹的品种和地域特征的描绘同样也是肖像化的。形的精准,用线的肯定、生动和造型的张力都在后来的西方人之上。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a641addc2f7244ffc232e8625bfad2fb"},"img_del":0,"img_height":678,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c9328558a8db41a0ab29fefecd015757__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"中国在山水里面有两个词,一个叫\"石分三面\",表现石头的正背阴阳要分三个面来画,说得就是明暗。还有一个说法是\"墨分五色\",这很像西方讲明暗光影素描的\"三大面五大调子\",\"墨分五色\"讲的是画面的黑白灰关系,所以在中国的传统当中其实很重视这两个问题。
这是范宽的大作《雪景寒林图》,画面里的白雪也象是从上面来的光线,我们因此会感觉到立体、浑厚,感觉到一个写实的精神在里面支撑着。《雪景寒林图》便是中国式的明暗层次分明而体积关系丰富的素描,其沉静典雅和幽深意境不在达·芬奇之下,树石刻画具坚实明晰,气魄之宏大不是西方人能够相比的。要记住这幅画,它具有被今天的人们丢失掉的沉静,那是最珍贵的品质。在它面前我们无话可说,心马上就会静下来。如果这种沉静的品质你具备了,也具备了这样一种作画状态,就会是一个大师的料。
五代北宋的山水画是中国素描最具灵魂的精品,中国的山水画中有各种各样表现山石形体质地的皴法,那是中国式的把握世间万物的造形方式。人物画中有\"十八描\"是中国式表现人物衣饰质感的方式。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a510250878dd8ab81c619a47f0870efe"},"img_del":0,"img_height":898,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5ea0940600a84b6aa55853745448e8e6__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"有一个词叫\"西学为用\",整个的说法是\"中学为体西学为用\"。意思是中国传统是根本,西方文化是补充和利用。明代已是文人画的天下,准确刻画的追求被士大夫阶层主导画坛的文人画家们所不齿,因而继承了精细刻画传统的肖像画出自大量无名的民间匠人之手,虽然中国写实的传统在正统的美术史中消失了,可是在民间画像的师傅们那里,这个传统被复活了。这传统哪儿来的呀,怎么突然间明朝画的这么写实。不是说宋朝写实传统中断了吗?这是从欧洲传来的,明朝的时候正是意大利文艺复兴的时代,意大利耶稣会的传教士们来到中国,其中最著名的是利玛窦,也是科学家,与徐光启一同翻译过《几何原本》,利玛窦又是画家,和明代的肖像画家曾京是好朋友。他们之间的交往和友谊,在小范围里实现了东西方的文化传播,文艺复兴写实绘画的成果也就传到了部分中国人的手里,所以在明朝出现了一批很写实的肖像画。
这是南京博物馆收藏的一批明代官员肖像之一的《罗应斗像》。我特别喜爱这批作品,对我影响很大,甚至喜欢画正面,都跟这有关系。正面是一种面对面的有勇气去透视灵魂的角度,当然也不太好画,可是画出来之后会意味深长。这张画就画到了灵魂深处。
在《罗应斗像》当中,我们甚至能感觉到明暗,比如说鼻子,他是用明暗画的,有光影,就象用闪光灯拍正面相时的明暗和起伏关系,以往中国人在山水画里也能够表现立体,靠边线叠压和坡面转化的\"皴法\"画起伏凹凸,他脸上的变化就很像山水的\"皴法\"。这是人物画和山水画的结合,在技法上他们融为一体了。明人肖像的准确生动,内心刻划的毫不留情,其水准应不在荷尔拜因素描肖像之下,人物面部用\"边线\"\"坡面\"的配合来表现体积与起伏的方式其实与荷氏也十分相似。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c91dc272896958ec5dc3480169259e45"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c2a0bf16d3134454b6e775344b299ed2__jpg.heic","img_width":694,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这是清代\"金陵八家\"之首的龚贤所作的山水册页,他的画很浑厚,墨色用得非常好,用\"积墨\"的方式画出墨色丰富的层次,是墨分五色。
历代书法家的实践和理论更为直接的向抽象的造型领域进行着《点线面——绘画元素分析论》式的探寻。山水的课徒画稿是中国式的造型训练手段,所涉及的造型表现问题全是素描的问题。我更愿意用中国画的方式解释和教授素描,它绕开了那些被翻译过来的绘画术语,代之以经营位置、布局、边缘、勾勒、坡面、沟壑、石分三面、皴法、山势、墨分五色等等。总觉得:\"中国素描\",是古人的实践,合于中国人的思维习惯,顺应中国人认识事物的角度,体现中国人理解事物的方式。在教学中不必重建一套西化术语和认识方法,不必在泊来的素描语境中先把自己变成西方人,用中国式的素描作为出发点学习绘画的基本功,进而立足中国学习西方的绘画传统,是更便捷的学习方式,一切都是我们熟悉的。
我们真的熟悉自己的传统吗?我们不觉间被西化的程度十分惊人,我们还适应古人留下来的认识事物的方式吗?我们还读得懂古人画作的精妙吗?我本人就是学国画出身,这些东西是亲切无比的,同时对我的启发也非常大,比如说在我的素描和油画里,中国画的学习经历一直都在起作用。我的素描是有着中国式传统绘画血脉的,不少人看了我的速写本,脱口而出:\"你原来是画国画的吧。\"
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7a41599d7d57e275a730b68b9a6f2057"},"img_del":0,"img_height":102,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b65fcbca13924888a3bbb129cbde9bfb__jpg.heic","img_width":608,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"学素描就应当了解素描史,这个问题是关心素描的人无法绕过的,在西方的绘画史当中,素描是怎样一步一步走到今天的。如贡布里奇所说,\"美术史是一部视觉方式的历史\",所谓的视觉方式就是指不同时代的人和画家观察真实、认识真实并表达在作品中的方式,在绘画中对这一\"视觉方式的历史\"呈现的最为直接和明确不过的就是素描。西方历史上的画家们都是用素描作为研究各自视觉方式的手段,也因而素描成为解决造型问题的基础手,并进而把素描和草图用丹配拉和油画发展为完整的主题性绘画,可以说素描的表达方式与相应的绘画表达方式是完全谐调一致的,有什么样的素描就有什么样的绘画,反之有什么样的绘画也一定有什么样的素描相伴随。美术史上无数正式作品与素描的对应已证实了这一点。素描史就是一部绘画视觉方式演变过程的浓缩。素描史能够帮助我们正确地理解和学习西方古典大师的绘画技艺,如果找到与油画对应的素描,就象找到了解开油画技术迷宫的后门。
大师们的真性情往往在短期素描当中得以最充分的流露,其精神价值往往不在正式的大作之下。可以从素描作品入手还原艺术的问题情境,展开\"艺术的故事\",找到连接这个\"故事\"的一个个情节。这里不可能写一部素描史的大书,仅选择几个重要的转折点,构成一部素描史的问题集。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"26b40f01055e7793f688e985abcf0631"},"img_del":0,"img_height":824,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c7620af17a434455ab71105ce05dcb10__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"埃及人用所知的经验完成墓室壁画,没有独立于壁画之外的素描,那些墨线勾成的形象施以胶彩即成绘画,他们利用二维的经验方式,如同用文字符号进行着的书写,用图画的\"文字\"写着他们的事,如棋子指代车马兵将那样,用符号指代事物就算完成了图画的功能。完全是\"正面率\"的,这个人和那个人长得都一样,这个时期的绘画很像文字,贡布里希的说法叫\"画其所知\",与儿童画的表达方式相似,一个圆圈是身体,再画一个圆圈是头,然后一边一根棍儿是胳膊,下面两根棍儿是腿。画所有人一样,是符号化的,有点像国际象棋,不需要表现王后长什么样,国王脸上有没有痦子,这个时期是图像文字化和文字图像化的时代。中国也曾经有过图画式的甲骨文,与古埃及有很多相似,不同的是我们的传统不曾中断一直延续到今天。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"fff0361ba57e8dddf471f00a3ed2a7b5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":392,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5bace0d13a9e425aa7a45b79424d13be__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"古风时代的希腊人对图画功能的认识和埃及人一样,是符号化的,它们被留在了美丽的陶瓶上,不难看出对真实的客观世界表现的努力已经开始,古典时期的作品表现了这种欲求\"再现\"的努力。古典时期的瓶画已经很写实了,这里面的人物有了特征和立体关系,从古风时期到希腊化时期,一步一步的开始观察真实,走上了追求写实的道路。这时期的艺术家,开始把眼睛转向了周围的世界,不再是脑子里知道的那个世界。埃及人是不可能这样画两条腿的,这条腿压着那条腿,那条腿被遮挡,脚仅露出一点。古希腊人在立体写实这样的道路上已经走的很远了。他们的写实传统,令我们惊讶。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1feca8df7e83c5b057141791b958395f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5177ec151a8f4ccf8e10c7caf90103d9__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"从希腊化时代到罗马时代古代的艺术家们具备了再现真实的能力,我们无缘见到他们的素描,庞贝壁画和法尤姆的木乃伊棺盖上的肖像因以蜡为材料媒介而千年不朽,让今人看到了他们的写实。人物结构精准,性格刻画和光影的表现不在今人之下,那已是肖像化的再现式绘画。如果我们对美术史了解不多的话,不会相信这会是古罗马的作品,更像十九世纪的作品,至少是文艺复兴时期的,很写实,这鼻子头有高光点,是三大面五大调子的明暗表现。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c01b5ec6e4ef8d4027b6256dd9447ec9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":860,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/fd3a6818c67542d996f5a2633e7c6976__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"古希腊和古罗马历经千年成就的伟大的写实传统突然间就中断了,到了中世纪,绘画又回到了一种符号化的表达,像埃及人一样,成了符号化的文字。中世纪的手搞和插图是那时的素描,圣经的插图实际上是给不识字的人看的,不识字的人他不懂文字,但他知道这个人代表谁,那个人代表谁,一目了然,这个传统不只是中世纪如此,是古代所有宗教绘画共有的特征。比如西藏的唐卡、壁画,和中世纪是一样,图画的功能是代替文字弘扬佛法,形象是符号化的。或许人们的视觉对抗着明暗和透视的\"真实幻像\",东方的绘画更是只有凹凸的渲染不见光影和明暗,这种本能和对抗被贡布里希称为\"我们灵魂里藏着的埃及人\"。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"610b1d2767d725c79541e3c6721ec3af"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2588,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6b6aea63ca3f49218c5fdc91ae72c044__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"文艺复兴为什么叫复兴呢,复兴什么,就是复兴古希腊,文艺复兴时代把这个写实的传统重新接续。如果把中世纪对应古埃及,把文艺复兴对应古希腊,等于把追求写实的过程重新走了一遍。这是提香的老师威尼斯画派的的早期画家乔凡尼贝利尼的作品。质朴而深刻,真切而坚实。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9e1cbc3a1e4c7fafd6c537f1df1cd040"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2762,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/193dcce8cf4a450fa0211397af156f9d__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"006d8852e079f438ea9109d6d611628c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":740,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/bb8036a61b1c46359ea00908cdec1c9a__jpg.heic","img_width":608,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"文艺复兴自奇马布埃到\"三杰\"至少三代大师的努力,真实又回到了画面。这是达·芬奇的作品,用少而简约的几条线把浑厚的体积表现出来,当然是触摸式的。这是个可爱的过渡时代,素描与正式画作的对应关联最为明确。达·芬奇的线描再深入,加入光影即为底层画,底层画再层层提亮、施彩反复进行即成油画。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9f90fa9051040a3c3887b1f01a1679c7"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1284,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/70958d92e1e1460289f969c1182af6fc__jpeg.heic","img_width":950,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米神的利比亚女巫素描稿,经典里的经典。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"692238d55b4968b242bc84142853d6e9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1156,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1ddf37c680cd4d4b9509701f74316e0f__jpg.heic","img_width":1352,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"曾经多次临摹,几乎可以默写。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"aad0b5351f1d8143e63d1c5a25efc1f7"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d0462c3b70494542af44c24aefa4d0c6__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"惊叹这大脚趾,可以数出的几笔。膨胀饱满,骨肉铿锵。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5aaf651fb593ea655682787d6ec0d5a2"},"img_del":0,"img_height":676,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c259691c33304a77aa425dbf7309e918__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米开朗基罗的这张素描,只用了可以数出来的100多条线!这张作品我特别崇拜,没画几下,表现了无与伦比的体积和重量,甚至可以感觉到这个身体非常的庞大,像一个大山倒在那里,那是米开朗基罗才会有的力量。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0dd04dec9ad70e7c56f4bef6b5847556"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1904,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3a1fa757a16c41d0bdcb966584ac3ac1__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米开朗基罗传世经典应该见到就要临摹,还有比这更好的学习范本吗?
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8e331c49cbb1defe7749b2cd409c6288"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1514,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/87e6532afef24d8db35b3f0548e119e6__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"《祈祷的手》可以说是在美术史当中让我们记忆最深刻的一双手,几百年来它感动我们。我将这张素描的最精美复制品挂在自己的屋子里,像每天的祈祷和祭拜。一张小画,充满感情,充满深刻的内在精神体验;画的坚实具细,他的观察方式很像手的触摸。这张画是很有代表性的触觉素描的例子。
我们会提出疑问,画素描是用眼睛去看的,难道还要用手去看吗?实际上我是用\"触摸\"作为一种比喻,去指向用眼睛\"观察\",在这一类素描当中眼睛的观察如同手的触摸,我把触觉式观察的素描称为\"触觉素描\"。
\"触觉的观察\"这个词不是我发明的,有一位二十世纪初的美学家叫沃尔夫林,他写了一本很重要的书,叫《艺术风格学》,在那本书里他把观察方式分为两类,一个是触觉式的观察,一个是视觉式的观察,并由此发展出绘画系统丰富的风格变化,发端于触摸式的观察,就会导致绘画中边缘线的锐利,所有的部分都可以画的清晰可见,也会导致这种风格的画面 关系是比较平面的,丢勒是最典型的代表画家,他在灰底上用黑白两种颜色画素描,与他油画的制作程序也是完全一致的。
如果是视觉方式的观察,观察的方式会像照相机,人眼球的构造本来就如同照相机,焦距能够调虚、调实,这种观察方式就叫做\"视觉式的观察\",视觉的观察方式会导致对明暗、光影、虚实、空间、距离更敏感。可以说,在西方美术史乃至所有民族的美术史中,我发现都存在这样两个系统,即触觉的方式和视觉的方式。
我的素描教学,就是围绕着第一类触摸式观察的方式展开的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7bad91ed82bca2ae8ce65e434ec7182a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":749,"img_width":579,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"丢勒的得意之作《亚当与夏娃》,在触摸式的素描阶段他到了一个巅峰状态,此时的观察方式无论远近、明暗,皆被画的清晰可触。丢勒甚至有一点神经质,边缘线都是紧张痉挛颤动的,刻的非常实,对细节兴趣盎然,局部画得很深入。连树皮三怎么裂开的都画得很清楚;这些树干画的很圆,有厚度;脚边小耗子的尾巴也画的很圆,像画一根柱子一样的去表现;不要以为触摸式的素描边缘锐利不能够表现厚度,这张画是很好的例证,它能够把人体的空间和厚度表达充分,肩头结实,肩窝里的前后叠压穿插清晰。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"68327864a5998b7a217631cca7d27d92"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1720,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e3a0c4820687439da024efdfa4dbff7c__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"应当说丢勒是素描的一道门,只有入了丢勒这道门才有可能真的会画素描。这件黑人头像,简练概括中体面关系榫卯结构十分清晰。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9d82018ada523dd95f9298cd4d1b0623"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b539f1a579a146c1825829b1c2a0e954__jpg.heic","img_width":666,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"年轻的丢勒画自己的左手。向丢勒学习,另一只不画画的手是我们的教具模特。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2706190d5775ba66cc9a6e22d49fffe5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6a1187ba7aa64e6ba7c04da329a8005e__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"内向的女孩。鼓胀的球体。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"199a7dc644cf675a111a944e58c1c0bc"},"img_del":0,"img_height":748,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/87fe71e95c394e7789ce74fa60deba9e__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"778e9f210d040cae3d9d731d1e2384da"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1652,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ae4fa55476e248c8be5ad3ba482d37c8__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"真实是最有力量的,我们要向大师学习的首先是诚恳和敬畏的态度。荷尔拜因对我的影响非常大,他是我从工笔白描向古典素描转化的学习范本。近年的彩碳头像也受到他的影响。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"b1b78ddb3e43699631026743ba10652e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1372,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3b84fafd4674ecfb2446e4b23df74ab__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"荷尔拜因大量的素描头像我都是极喜爱的,这一件是最爱。灵魂出窍!四百年前的爵士在这张小纸上附体。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"bf2122c31a20df1052d04a807cb004cc"},"img_del":0,"img_height":802,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7499629ab0cc41888a776efd1d6bba03__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这是提香的作品。从文艺复兴后期的威尼斯画派开始,特别是从提香开始,西方绘画走到一个历史性的转折点上,这个转折点上的最伟大人物就是提香。他不再像丢勒那样把眼睛瞪圆了看边缘,而是把眼睛眯起来了,就像今天我们的老师教的那样,看的是一个大关系,大的明暗和虚实。边缘线已经是不确定的了,他的素描边缘模糊,光影明确,他也用线,可是这线已经不再是丢勒的那种线了,这个明暗也不再是丢勒的明暗了。比如说这个眼皮,是单眼皮还是双眼皮,是怎么转过去的,不再去管它,这个嘴也是一样,画得很棒,很轻松就表现出来了,这个嘴里的牙究竟是怎么样的,不再去管它。提香也经历了一个从非常严格的刻画到一种很概括的表达这样一个历程。这焦距不清的画法,标志着美术史进入了绘画的\"视觉方式时期\"。视觉方式的代表画家很多,如委拉斯凯兹的后期、伦勃朗、米勒、莫奈、修拉,都可追到这个传统的起点。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"55ba74c56188083331cdd156100bee30"},"img_del":0,"img_height":844,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c116fa5d6333454591054afa3e95e2ea__jpeg.heic","img_width":1264,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"鲁本斯学习和掌握了米开朗基罗和提香的全部精华,在巴洛克时代,他是素描和油画的集大成者。人体素描的最好范本。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f3fc845419a2a0a5e6b3e31d07498ddf"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2716,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b1c80b1195e2406b8f5e2487920edd85__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"94cccffe9ab313c6841afa235704a508"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2970,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/34fde8e502e04864b4959eed1e0d8508__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0460145f8b517c4666ad3c11acafbc67"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2830,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d3593ee9a01d47bc88be3a759583bc66__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"ac62a4c7e508f8cdd6e011a5fb4cb796"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2796,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3d2ea19c3c524de4bf83a0bf85006578__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"e21469954600ba2f6119635bfa1772b5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2936,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ff5611c0a5214deda40b2bba7fc4760f__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"96a519fc7389f32e055896cc8941a3f7"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1484,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6fcf0f6a4eaf4568aaf2c681dda4d03a__jpg.heic","img_width":1126,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"他的第一位夫人伊莎贝拉,明亮的额头如蟹壳般坚硬瓷实。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"529a164a68ca84a841517d86dc1a6b81"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1474,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/525777c19436455eaffd515d32a613dc__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"鲁本斯画他可爱的儿子。我们画东方人的难点是凹凸太弱起伏平缓,大师画的孩子启发很大,没有骨感也有体积,饱满鼓胀才是好素描。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d53d50f2c088c2563e2315f45fcceb96"},"img_del":0,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"从威尼斯画派以降的100年间出现了像鲁本斯和伦勃朗那样的素描大师。奇怪的是,同时也出现了几位不画素描的大师,他们是西班牙的艾尔.格列科、苏巴朗、里贝拉和素描极少的委拉斯凯兹;意大利的卡拉瓦乔;还有荷兰出现的空前绝后的维米尔。他们恰恰又是造型功底最深的巨匠,似乎说明了不画素描照样可以获得造型能力。这种认识是大错特错的!进一步学习美术史,特别是学习一下西方绘画的技法和材料的演变,问题就明朗了。这些画家们的油画,都是先画单色的底层画,而后,再透明地\"釉染\"有色彩的表层。那单色的底层画是什么?那就是素描!而且是明暗级差完整的\"全因素素描\"。
艾尔.格列科继承了威尼斯画派的\"多层画法\"画黑白的底层画并使笔触更加奔放和简化,十七世纪的画家们学习卡拉瓦乔,等于是给素描着色,委拉斯凯兹早年通过学习里贝拉掌握了卡拉瓦乔的技法,并远远地超过了前人,严谨的底层画训练为后期的娴熟放逸打下基础,成为\"画家中的画家\"。维米尔在底层画训练的基础上又得益于\"光学取景暗箱\"的启发,达到了后人超越不了的艺术高度。结论是,几位不画素描的大师,其素描画的最多最好。不画素描不可能成就造型的本领。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2a525efb2be7cc4b9a6bb460937d0c65"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/8a230599d25a4d578d743ea104eb4946__png.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"自意大利的文艺复兴后期至17世纪,美术学院逐步形成,成为培养美术人才的学校,这一传统到19世纪成为正统,特别是俄罗斯的美术学院契斯恰科夫的素描教学体系,一直影响到中国的当代,影响了我们的师爷和老师们,核心的理论是\"世界上没有线,边缘线是面的缩减。高光点只能有针尖那么大\",因而产生\"三大面五大调子\"的理论,机械而僵死的教条在五十年代由苏联传到了中国,而后,我们的老师们不断地繁殖僵死的教条。使得后来的画家们成了只有依赖明暗的\"拐杖\"才会画画的\"残废\"。
这是契斯恰科夫的作品,我非常喜欢,很质朴也很有表现力。他本人的作品不像他在理论上讲的那样绝对,也没有涂满了调子,和文艺复兴的传统决不是割裂的,边缘甚至勾了线,而且画的很实,看来是没出息的后人把它的教学体系给教条化了,成了死的传统。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f0eb9b5b7b26a10fa1339999b40b6e88"},"img_del":0,"img_height":858,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ff842cc196af447d8a64a136789d37a5__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"契斯恰科夫有几个高徒,培养出俄罗斯最好的画家,包括才气纵横的列宾。这是列宾画的一个弹钢琴的女子,如果按照契斯恰科夫的理论,这个人画得太虚了,钢琴画的太实了,钢琴比人还实。大师必游于法度之外,人物从头到凳子没画几下,简略的抹了一点暗示性的明暗,几乎是透明的,可是感觉到很浑然,很厚重,这是三大面五大调子吗?肯定不是。我们要在美术史的高度上重新看俄罗斯的素描传统,公允地讲,契斯恰柯夫素描体系是学院式素描的集大成,可惜的是在传入我国的过程中一再传讹,终被误解为唯三大面五大调子的方式才叫素描的可笑认识,当今这一认识已被瓦解,苏派素描的真相和价值应被重新评说,却原来它与文艺复兴以降到十九世纪的欧洲古典传统素描的追求没有本质的差别。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8cd3aa1296aad939eafbc1166527716e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/302f0061c3fb405fa1ad95b11c68daca__jpg.heic","img_width":772,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"女版画家柯勒慧支《农民战争》组画之一的《俘虏》。她的画可以是学习素描、学习构图和造型语言的教材,构图和造型都在表达情绪表达精神,同情、爱、愤怒、关注都在这样一个构图形式当中宣泄着,绘画的元素都有了精神的含量。一条绳子,串起了像木桩、像栅栏似的愤怒的俘虏们,简洁的画面形式和表现主义的夸张造型都充满了激情,人胳膊比腿还大,比腿还长,两个非常巨大的手。右边的孩子是非常软弱的形状,表现了病弱无助,后面这些人呐喊、挣扎、愤怒成了有力的对照。这难道说只是人物面部表情上的这种对照吗?不是表情,是造型,造型本身是绘画的表情,构图没有表情吗?
柯勒慧支使构图和造型有效地服务于主题,在她的版画中成为最有力的语言化表达。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"39ea41515f07fbf31cf4929b3e44c4e6"},"img_del":0,"img_height":850,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a07c8ea020254b72b393e30d1b184d53__jpg.heic","img_width":694,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"比利时画家帕尔梅克的作品,画的是渔民夫妻的象,画面中有很多抽象元素在起作用,一个黑大汉般男人,形状坚定的妻子。非常有力量,画得有说服力,表达的主题十分明确,外形的处理很简洁概括,黑白灰点线面和画面的构成关系,是语言化的,它和情绪紧密相关,和画面要表达的精神紧密相关,缺少精神指向的形式是没有灵魂的,所以仅仅只有骨头是不够的,更高的境界是由骨见魂。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"36e7360c69240d4d7d900178cd9780c0"},"img_del":0,"img_height":560,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/67ef87dd7f2c48e3b50a7cf450c8ac05__jpg.heic","img_width":742,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"二十世纪是一个伟大的时代,这里面一个了不起的人是塞尚,塞尚是现代艺术之父,他的实验使艺术重新回到了平面,也启发了立体主义的产生。什么叫立体主义?就象地图,地球是圆的,把地球展开变成地图就叫立体主义,立体主义实际上是解决平面的问题。塞尚关心的核心问题是\"秩序\",也就是通过理性分析平衡画面的构成关系。这个传统如果追根溯源的话,会一直追到古希腊的\"黄金分割\",在塞尚的画面中有古希腊神庙建筑般的伟大和谐,有真实的英雄气概。他的画是写实的吗?这绝不是表面的写实,重要的是它见到了骨头而不顾及表皮,就像盖了一半的建筑,只有梁柱和框架,瓷砖没贴、柱头门窗还没装、更没有装修,是赤裸裸的骨架。\"皮、肉、骨、魂\"是我对艺术品格高下的认识和理解。我觉得无论画什么都必须见魂,由皮到骨,最后见魂,如果你最后就一层皮的话,即便是写实的,没有画面结构,没有骨的支撑是站不住的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d7526270df7a1292822e56690c529eaa"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/80f80d852e714658aa0d16da3e9a5648__jpg.heic","img_width":884,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"二十世纪素描史有一个很重要的例子是毕加索,毕加索为什么说他最重要,他的画里所有的表达方式都变得语言化了。绘画语言经过这些现代大师的实践,\"语法关系\"日渐清晰。母鸡这一幅叫\"摇篮曲\",充满了母爱的温情默默和融融暖意。小公鸡这一幅画出了不可一世的傲慢,暴力而野蛮。小公鸡和老母鸡,完全是用两种方式、两种语言去表现的,小公鸡的形全都是尖利的,包括鸡冠子、翅膀和非常有力量的脖子。
毕加索拆解立体,重构平面上的美丽事物;贾克梅迪只看到那些结构了世界的骨架,有了那些不见边缘只见框架的线。康定斯基用绘画元素来表达音乐般的情感;克利\"跟着一根线条去旅行\"。这是二十世纪素描史的贡献。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"54887ecf4d9f65aef9a647aed88b438d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/df1774b0a98e4fa09cccbb380c8fff5d__jpg.heic","img_width":566,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"蒙德里安的画更明显地看到黄金分割,所有的线段比例是黄金比。追到根源还是古希腊,古希腊的彼德格拉斯学派发现的一个关于美的伟大法则,塞尚和蒙得里安是一样的,他们解决的问题很相似,蒙德里安更理性更抽象化了。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"884f0ae50bb572581e5acfccb996d213"},"img_del":0,"img_height":886,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6a47828bc35a40f7ab71b13246d3d3ef__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"海西格,当代莱比锡画派的核心人物,也是画派里画的最好的一位。基本功扎实而后可以恣意放笔。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7310bcf753f8cc8d78c58eae4fb90f94"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/2e57acaf069a403991702166ed471eaf__jpg.heic","img_width":768,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在绘画当中,表现立体感有两种办法,一个叫\"塑造\"是视觉的方式,不断画凸起的部分,可能越堆越厚,还有一个方式叫\"雕刻\"是触觉的方式,不断刻凹进的部分,仍然可以表现立体,如同浮雕,在一个泥土的平面上通过向里雕刻边缘,将立体表现出来。这两种办法都是有效的,可是表现在绘画中的风格会完全不同。
不是只有古典大师才画触摸式观察的素描 ,当代的写实画家小佛洛伊德,他仍然用触摸式的观察方式在画画。他也用一些明暗,他的明暗画的其实是起伏,边缘线全是清晰锐利的。比如肩膀,从左到右没有虚的地方,都是用线来勾缝隙,线与线之间的叠压关系像雕刻。完全不同于\"三大面五大调子\"、近实远虚、明实暗虚的素描方法。在触摸式的素描当中,没有虚的地方。比如从鼻子、嘴到下巴,一条线压着另一条线,层层叠压,像刀子刻进去的,感觉刻的很深远。同时又成功地表现了空间和立体感,这个胖身子有充分的体和量,挤出来的肉很有表现力,绝不是画虚了才有立体和空间的,只要画的准画的对,空间和体积就出来了。在这里专门选择他画的大胖子做例子,借此可以令人信服地说明,触摸式观察的素描,能够很充分的表现体积和重量。素描正是解读油画的一把钥匙。在西方的美术史中,有什么样的油画就会有完全相同风格的素描,素描所关注的问题也会是油画关注的问题。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2e74eec48ad5d999eba441baecd4127e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":104,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c3d123d1e84d41a1add3d36aa4062155__jpg.heic","img_width":640,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"画家都要有一个成长的过程。无一例外的是:开始画得比较严谨,像丢勒一样工细。甚至有细碎、僵紧的毛病,我觉得这不是问题。只要学大师走正路,随着技艺的成熟逐步地就会走到灵动放松的阶段,情绪化的精神性表达会变成自觉的追求。也可以把这个过程概括为:从触觉到视觉、从线描到涂绘的过程。
先以我为例,这是我前后两个阶段的画,时间跨度是九年。1995年的素描是触摸式的,主要是线描,画的很实。2004年的素描已经不完全是触摸式的,这位下岗人的无奈在她依然的美丽之中显出感伤。她质地闪亮的衬衣被我画的很实,如此对比出了脸﹑头发﹑外衣飘乎不定的\"虚\"。
如果有老师说你画得太\"紧\"应当\"概括\",不要怕,有一天你会\"松\"的,也将\"概括\",不过不是现在。你走到了哪一步自己应当清楚,如果你已经很成熟了可以去实践虚而松的追求。如果你只是初级阶段的学生,你必须老老实实先进入丢勒这道门。如果开始学画就松,是松懈,不是松驰。开始学画就画得很虚,是虚弱,不是虚灵。没有坚固的\"实\"的训练支撑画面的\"虚\"是靠不住的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"6d2875e5f9a483f28bb273a15d607d61"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/07445126986d4736b00328f7495f04e1__jpg.heic","img_width":836,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"小师如此,大师同样是这样的发展过程。大师的例子更有说服力。 左边是十七世纪西班牙大师委拉斯凯兹年轻时代画的《卖水人》,所有细节都是清晰的,非常实。继承卡拉瓦乔的传统,直接学习里贝拉;右边是他后期画的《纺纱女》,笔法娴熟灵动润泽,到了不可企及的高度,虽然没有一处是实的,但质地、体积、空间、光线无不精妙,这耳朵画了五六笔就完成了,没有一笔是多余的。他如果没有早期的严谨就不可能达到这个才气纵横的自如境界。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2d233b94823661075ae629c9bc2574b5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/46740e9f3af545f0b24e906bf8eae5db__jpg.heic","img_width":1020,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"伦勃朗的年轻时代,入细严谨,边缘锐利。后期明暗加强边缘虚化。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"81e1a37617b45341bc3b160fdc4da32a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/18e23820b2d5460aa19d8a11de178376__jpg.heic","img_width":1078,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"为了把这个重要的问题说的令人信服,再举一例。左边是十九世纪法国印象派大师德加早期的素描,布纹画得准确精细,刻画的能力不在古典大师之下。右边是后期画的舞蹈演员,既大刀阔斧地概括又敏感微妙,人的肩、背、头的运动、光线、解剖、质感俱佳,简练而又丰富。如果没有严谨训练的准备阶段就不可能达到浑然简约的水准。
切记:概括不是简单,是以少胜多。初学者必先繁而后简,先实而后虚。实,可以学习技术,虚,可以显露艺术品味,艺必在技之后,虚的阶段也必在实的阶段之后。
有学生问:老师你画眼睛两三笔就完事了,为什么我画不出来呢?我说:你得先画一百笔,然后再画两三笔,有一天你会做到的,不过要像大师那样努力,天堂之门是很窄小的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f21274689be17fab7d3dc1c3f2aaaf35"},"img_del":0,"img_height":440,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f1778d708f624c64a51dd401344cbd47__jpg.heic","img_width":742,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"我的全部教学概括起来就仨字:学大师!
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d2d530609a196c549b9fef5043cd77e5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1370,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d4322f4fb3e94894a5201eb3c03aea23__jpeg.heic","img_width":2198,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"29a4780e04623efba2b534b17d916ccb"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2694,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/91782fd0ab7c4614b4a0aa9e28ee6cee__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"40b52bdc12f54008569610dde5b389ae"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2898,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e0572e4e33ff4f5da66374527a295118__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"614fadd8c648c7dcdaeeed5fabbfcbc8"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2698,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c95141dcb5c442238aed4e89d0e0856a__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8471d03c3a96cafd7c41b62508594a6c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2704,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/4bf150cc2087450c942215b58f22a32f__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c069c880cbc5405222d8e65c022e527d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2670,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6f4c0b6c7309411ab40b2f3117efb437__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a8250c6ec5637421e0309489fe8f7790"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2674,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/41f8f681c91f49da84822c2cc7bee3ce__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"01351e1fe9dd53533da3665660f33104"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2924,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1d2cd6e6910d4d089018a35c0927d418__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"649484d76dcef496923bc02fe0a45adb"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2824,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/39c95c11182a45f98f231c114cf51601__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"543a1ad50eea49aac847d35a23776fe0"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2670,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3f790bea698468a9960d0174fbd6902__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"dc12359fa115460a320ca2673dd03266"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2686,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/0d7ca11a2c224d7592e301bb157feec2__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"353c6c2e29ad6e6e79bc2078549a9815"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2684,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1d1b6da01180482a836eff9d367441f3__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"cd3c42b34ac2aa37e2ef48f1f2f6cc64"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2570,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/91ed93bd1df942dc958f16ff2bb09719__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"cab03fcbaf449f2210359187e220c406"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1398,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a4a5dab5731042308009f5ba80c44ffe__jpeg.heic","img_width":1272,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1a51f9118bf5aa40a2b03629780fa0ef"},"img_del":0,"img_height":676,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/785ebc6d152948f996c62bb9625571e2__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0}]},"ext":{"id":44805555,"article_id":31648210,"ip":"60.24.58.150","origin_status":0,"edit_from":0,"client_type":0,"password_v2":"","uv":1,"font_id":0,"title_style":"","rich_text_title":"","gift_switch":1,"deleted_at":0,"recycle_expired_at":0,"share_with_nickname":1,"enable_watermark":2,"music_id":0,"music_source":0,"_auto_update_time":"2025-04-07 14:08:11"},"extend":{"id":57503380,"article_id":31648210,"enable_download":1,"cover_width":607,"cover_height":139}},"author":{"id":"459821","nickname":"于小冬","head_img_url":"http://static2.ivwen.com/users/459821/93458594813d42629f4ea8b58574cc9d.jpg","column_visit":129651,"signature":"","favorite_count":4,"follow_count":135,"follower_count":45889,"famous_type":2,"autoplay_music":0,"text_preference":1,"client_type":1,"reward_word":"如果喜欢我的作品,请打赏鼓励哦!","member_type":0,"wechat_id":"ojq1tt55PfMbEyWfe8gBSwyvk_HI","country":"中国","province":"天津市","city":"天津","career":9,"birthday":0,"gender":1,"reg_time":1451097821,"e_id":"","bedge_img":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/redStar.png","label_img":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/label/sign_mark2.png","review_level":1,"enable_reward_switch":false,"enable_water_mark_switch":0,"plainNickname":"于小冬","member_status":2,"member_img":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/member/icon/member2.png","ext":null,"phone_num":"131****0932","head_attach_img":null,"badge":null,"onlive":false,"qualification":{"id":401,"user_id":459821,"talent":{"state":2,"icon":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/red.png","badge_img_url":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/redStar.png","field":8,"desc_type":1,"desc":"画家,艺术领域优质作者","source_from":0,"updated_at":1619595224},"identity":{"state":0,"icon":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/yellow_2.png","badge_img_url":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/yellowV.png","cate_id":0,"identity_id":0,"desc_type":0,"desc":"","material_id":0,"retire_state":0,"source_from":0,"updated_at":0},"enterprise":{"state":0,"icon":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/blue_2.png","badge_img_url":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/blueV.png","type":0,"name":" 认证账号","material_id":0,"cods_number":"","enterprise_name":"","source_from":0,"updated_at":0,"editable":true},"show_type":1,"desc":"画家,艺术领域优质作者","created_at":1608541030},"biz_info":{"is_biz_user":false,"share_domains":[]},"headwear":{"icon":"","animation":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/static/headwear/miaobishenghua.json","config":{"replace":[{"search":"求加精","replace":"54精"}]},"param":{"n":54,"num_desc":"member_only:elite"}},"cover_img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/cc7268ce-faae-4d26-b798-f093a0506994.jpg","weibo_id":"","vwen_id":"3f493f8d314da66b5529982a58642682","im_id":"33b322b6880f6dbc428576ea80651b36","yx_im_token":"","last_visit_time":1744697325,"ip_address":"221.197.235.23","device_id":"03c0709e79704e24ae82a23c5702fb06","reviewer":0,"review_time":0,"account_state":0,"balance":22070,"last_contribution_time":1639748465,"member_expire_time":0,"member_qq_group":0,"web_has_login":1,"longtitude":"120.8726500","latitude":"32.0039020","last_client_type":1,"level":0,"province_user":"Tibet","city_user":"Lhasa","user_id":459821,"qq_id":"","apple_id":"","badge_img_url":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/qualification/redStar.png","reward_url":"https://www.meipian.cn/wap/reward/view/index.html?mask_id=ejeizjm&author_user_id=459821&article_title=%E8%AE%B2%E5%BA%A7%E3%80%8A%E7%B4%A0%E6%8F%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B9%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%8E%E5%A2%83%E7%95%8C%E3%80%8B%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%E9%9B%86","memo_name":""},"content":[{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"35c8598d8b3678950f06944c178563a5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":3292,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/588c6672e7ec49aa9f99325e99edf6dc__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"3f7da10166f30a0d33671f38c1272b80"},"img_del":0,"img_height":990,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3bba69331ade469ab598ed9d802e0ef4__jpeg.heic","img_width":1500,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"50ab9addb73befaf9d322b08342ca630"},"img_del":0,"img_height":764,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f66e835438e746e6b285ebf687f015b2__jpeg.heic","img_width":1500,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f78430b9cec9fadca924e369ce6972a7"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1998,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/34a3d40aa5eb4685a1595cfbf7ee400a__jpeg.heic","img_width":2626,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5fac969ef56cf79c193a4e65eceabbfb"},"img_del":0,"img_height":158,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c9924bdd406b4cd1ae435e491b86bed9__jpg.heic","img_width":502,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"15bb66e5f1c980e7ea2c8d020ec22f3a"},"img_del":0,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"素描的造型根基是形和体,建立根基的第一步是学会观察,最有效的方法就是\"剪影观察\"。直到你看身边周围的事物都有了\"剪影\"。这一突然的变化表明你已经会画画了,画画的观察本领是突然间获得的,就像学骑自行车突然就有了平衡感,也像学游泳突然就有了浮力。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"297bde3030118e885f17e1b1bfe972ca"},"img_del":0,"img_height":138,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/67600244086c426e85ce686169585c0f__jpg.heic","img_width":596,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"形,是平面的二维的问题,正是边线围成的外轮廓构成了人与物的形。外形圈成的\"剪影\"构成了一个完整的形的整体。通过训练,我们首先要能够把任何复杂的物体看成剪影,如剪刀剪下的一个平面的剪影,在大的形(剪影)以下又分为小的,互为正负,互相依存的小形(剪影)。这种关系很象地图,我们看到的是海洋陆地的形状,是疆域和国界。
我们都知道中国的地图像一只雄鸡,也可以说雄鸡像中国的地图,应当是无论画什么都像是看到了地图。
整体意识就是鸟的视角这种观察方式十分象鸟,鸟找回自己的窝非常容易,在天上它是居高临下的。一只蚂蚁或虫子一但迷了路,找自己的家是很艰难的。这种观察方式从大的剪影入手,首先是宏大的,全局的, 整体意识正可以通过这种观察方式牢固的建立起来,。任何形都有自己的特征和个性,在大小、长短、曲直、方圆的对比中展现着自己形状的个性。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"ccc62d2b06af6a42fadf2bb52faa7a81"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1690,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a35252fa91b94cc6b568176530752b85__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这是我用于画理讲解的作品。这幅速写基本上是从一个点推着画的。当然,我早已看到了她全部外形的剪影,是\"成竹在胸\"的作画方式。五官的线,我注意了强弱虚实的变化。上衣的线与脸相比,勾的松,线条较宽。用边线之间的距离表现了毛衣的厚度。并注意了手臂线条的\"疏\"与毛衣腰部边上纹理的\"密\",以密衬疏。我注意了牛仔裤对身体的紧密包裹,认真地画了每一条裤子上的衣纹和针角线。膝关节后面的线条,是我的得意之笔,用笔贯气如写书法,形体关系却清晰严谨。从头到小腿构成了一条长线,她的动态就是靠这条线表现的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"eb0a86df982144aadfdb31f7d39ad71a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":746,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/97073215a1d14ea986a33cd62a164f90__jpg.heic","img_width":542,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这个黑影就是我画这个女孩的时候被我最先看到的形状,在这个阶段应当忘记自己画的是人还是物,看到的只是形状的正形和形状之外的负形,会画画与不会画画的根本差别就在于是否建立了这种\"抽象\"的\"平面\"的形状的意识,或称之为\"剪影\"意识。中国的太极图中的\"阴阳鱼\"就是正负形的关系,正形准了负形自然会准。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5acfa74f7928d7d46df15df6336bd47f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":660,"img_width":870,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在观察的第一步是把一切看作平面,形的问题在二维当中解决,我将其简化为\"剪影观察重外形\",就像看地图上国家的疆域围成的形状,比如中国的版图像一只公鸡。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c2a8e61c2a734eb6e1879805a2cdbf5d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1764,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/dc74faa277eb432f929d7891dc9b51f8__jpeg.heic","img_width":1278,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"不断的比较它们大小和形状的不同,就象比较地图中国家的不同形状那样,它们也是互为正负的。这种比较贯穿了作画的全过程。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8ed8664f49418eddb11c145cca8f2b8f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1104,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a570c804550a443e83b2f0db7ae571ce__jpeg.heic","img_width":1056,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5d5acc32860cd8f0edc8c003b3589e7f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1024,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/26a596b6240742efa54d8ba36b719637__jpeg.heic","img_width":2048,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"画的准画得象是学习绘画最根本的目的和要求,绝对准确又往往被认为是很难达到的,\"准确\"的训练其实就是形状的训练,也就是剪影观察的方式的训练,这样的训练指向的正是形状的个性特征,也就是形状之间的区别,包括形的大小,方圆,歪正,锐钝,几何形有机形等等。其中也包含了比例的问题。从剪影出发学习把形画准是最直截了当的学习途径,画准应该是十分简单的事。这种训练方式,直接指向边线围成的形,是解决画\"准\"画\"象\"的最有效之法,在所有的事物和所有局部细节的刻画中都可以的应用,比如眼睛是由上下眼皮的边缘围成的形、耳朵是由外耳廓围成的形等等。
在一个更高的学习阶段,要求画的\"狠\"象,需要有对所画事物的深入\"体验\"而加入情感投射,\"画出万事万物的内在精神\"(伦勃朗语)。那是超越了机械的照片式的准确,在这个意义上绘画的准确是来自画者的主观感受。在这个高级阶段,正负形的准确当然是有所偏离的。这也是最先看到的剪影。使初学者望而怯步的人体比例和透视缩减问题可以忽略不学,因为它们造成的复杂的形状变化已经在正负关系当中被解决了。在速写的深入阶段,剪影的观察方式也是无时不在的,同样要忘记她是什么,只看到形状。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"86475ef5a514a9d8154131d8790bbb4d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3b772d61b9544939eec5ad4782ad706__png.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"形的运动和张力是素描语言的基本表达。在书法中看的更清楚,同一个\"国\"字,颜真卿写出来硕壮圆浑,有向外膨胀的力。欧阳询写出来是劲瘦清秀,有向内收敛的力。最基本的张力就是这样理解的。
形的运动是指形状的运动趋势和内在的韵律。左右相对的两条线是萝卜的外形,还是左右相对的这两条线,如果上下错动,马上产生运动趋势和内在的韵律,成了维纳斯的曲线。外形的重要性要在运动和张力的表达中去认识。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"359e871f092a797e7d1eb6c3ec07e031"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2048,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a2e112fb96f246cc80d795e74009da95__jpeg.heic","img_width":1536,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"下面以大师的作品为例,进一步拓展和深化触觉素描的基础理论。荷尔拜因的素描,少年长的丑:脸长,眼分,嘴小,下巴大。以冷静客观著称的荷尔拜因,实则敏锐勇敢不会阿谀讨好。
触摸式观察的最开始阶段,就先看地图,我称之为鸟的视角。好像鸟在俯瞰大地,鸟找到自己家是非常准确而容易的,因为它看的大、看的全、了解整体,实际上剪影的观察方式就是看到整体的形状。虫子一旦谜了路,找自己的家非常困难,因为它看的小、看的局部、不了解整体。
在我的素描教学中,对形的理解和表现涉及一个最重要的概念就是\"剪影\"。剪影就是边缘线围成的形,像剪刀剪下来的影子。
外形可以这样分析:开始看到一个形状A,叫正形,B是空白的形,叫负形,正负形又叫 \"图底关系\",也好比海洋和陆地的关系。B的白形状像两个人的侧面,西方有这样的心理测试图,两个侧面的脸相对,空白变成一个花瓶,是在提示我们负形也是形象。正负形的意识很重要。画不准的人一定是只顾正形,不看负形。是正负两部分的形构成了完整的画面。中国画论里有个词叫\"计白当黑\",是把空白的地方像黑的实体一样去对待,白和黑同样的重要,中国的太极图里阴形和阳形同样重要,中间的S线与黑白两个形有关,这条S线既是黑形的边缘线,又是白形的边缘线。
这种地图式正负形的观察方式,不光是在一个大的外形上有效,在所有小的形状之间同样有效。冒子像一个法国面包,头发像一个马蹄铁,脸像一个鲨鱼的头,身体像一个大胖鸟张着嘴把鲨鱼含在嘴里,可能有些形什么也不像,只像它自己。
进一步看,这张脸也可以用剪影的方式来观察。额头和鼻子像一个酒杯,两眼像两条对着游的鱼,嘴像菱角。剪影的道理用在哪里都是一样的。在这个阶段必须忘记你画的是什么东西。学会了这种观察方式,你就会画画了!观察方式不对,就不可能会画画,其实从不会画画到会画画是一瞬间的事,在这一瞬间肯定是你明白了这种特殊的观察方式。美国有一位叫贝蒂·爱德华的好老师,善于教人速成学画,她写了一本书叫《像艺术家一样思考》,其教学方法与我不谋而合。像艺术家一样思考,就是像艺术家一样观察,就是剪影观察,地图观察。接受这种简单快捷的训练,画画是很快就可以学会的。这种观察能够保证你画的特征鲜明,即准又像。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d652c14828636482a267ed3ab2f57ca5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1970,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/9dfe357f34fa42df8260d80759cf3d85__jpeg.heic","img_width":1536,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"cfd7986528b2588943bb9a0c3883830d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":492,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e5aea1d04c51488abcf70f188d8031be__jpeg.heic","img_width":640,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"b957ad79d2f5cc5a6707e42cf75b5afd"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b9e6b0be3a5c4705bdfa2e98f581b872__jpeg.heic","img_width":2884,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"758b7040ad8fe76184de892ccfff0aaa"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1398,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/89fb1fdd861d4d8db9b474b9753ee270__png.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f6da4620ce57359895bebfc85493214b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1892,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/09cedd5d25ab4744b9810e33e42bf531__jpeg.heic","img_width":2632,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"521b34578d39dff4e1474fe4ba59a85d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":210,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ae22c4ff3aee416bb59cc76b3cc99428__jpg.heic","img_width":722,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1720c614e0c9a0a329d04ab32f079100"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1166,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e6e1d249e37e46a1a5ccfd5fccdea1d4__jpg.heic","img_width":846,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"几条有叠压的边缘线已经表达了体积,表达了物像的前后关系。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"eb0fbb9a00964cc49ae41c1da463f58b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":982,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b4c76dafceb24ba8aa694a8df4ae2d5b__jpg.heic","img_width":766,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":" 在标出1、2、3、4的区域示意了线与线叠压的层次关系,1压着2,2压着3,等等,线与线的叠压表现的其实是面与面的叠压,线是面的边缘。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"67ee013a86f002b8f8327d259cee56f9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":866,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7e2f3876a9c047d8b030fab6401b6e11__jpg.heic","img_width":742,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"以线为主的刻画,更象是用铅笔在纸上\"制作\"着形形色色的物体。要重视线的结束点,一种表现是被其它线压到了后面(简单叠压),另一种表现是它转化成了\"坡面\"(互含叠压),正是这些坡面,表现了形体在空间中的起伏和透视,体积由此产生。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"bfa308813d4ace33f7e33e83d27718e1"},"img_del":0,"img_height":612,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/487070bc299e4b06b09cfc426de48df0__jpeg.heic","img_width":524,"is_origin":true,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"b3c92c921455653ab821edc1dd337fd0"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1648,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/056c0444837346419d382cfa900fa690__jpeg.heic","img_width":2520,"is_origin":true,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在互含叠压的关系中,重要的是线与结束点,那往往是表现体积的关键所在。在这样一个脸的局部中所有标出的位置都是线的结束点,也是\"线\"变成\"面\"的转化点,这样的点我称之为\"坡\"。其实,解剖的问题、结构的问题、透视缩减的问题已经被含概其中了。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1201504ded41df9f24bfcb991b64fa5f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/bd1f02d6b2e44a0bb3ede7027fadc178__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"89c9373d92c001568743b7dfcf41360a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2048,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6e72d44f86304dbf94e381cc350e3a00__jpeg.heic","img_width":1536,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米开朗基罗是一个雕塑家,有一双雕塑家的手,对体积的理解清晰透彻。能够把形体彻底而完整地在空间关系当中塑造出来,在雕塑家的脑子里体的概念是三维的。以米开朗基罗素描的局部为例。这幅人体习作是为宏伟的西斯廷礼拜堂天顶画作的大量写生稿之一,他主要是用线来勾形体,用有限的明暗表现了复杂的肌肉起伏。在此只截取脖子肩头一段来说明\"体\"的问题。在我的素描教学中,对体积的理解和表现涉及一个最重要的概念就是\"叠压\"。我的总结是\"边线叠压前后现\",叠压关系非常好理解,就是:1压着2,2压着3,这条线压着那条线,又压着这条线,3压着4,4压着5,5压着6。层层叠压的边线一旦画出来,马上就会感觉到体积的存在。米开朗基罗是我们学习的范本,他的作品像丢勒的作品一样,是最有说服力的,必须多去研究和临摹。这脖子的厚度,肩头的厚度,都是用线来表现的。
叠压还分为两类,一类叫前后叠压,或者叫\"简单叠压\",1压着2,2压着3。另一类叫\"互含叠压\",出现了转折、扭动与连续,是最常见的叠压关系。这些带三角的点是从线到面过渡的点,我把它叫\"坡\",像中国山水画里的\"披麻皴\",这些坡面被大师表现的很好,它不只是明暗,其实它更是起伏,没有画太多的明暗,这个体积关系已经表现的很充分了。我的总结是\"坡面转画体积生\"。
伯里曼的教学,是对米开朗基罗和鲁本斯的理性分析之后的集结,体块结构的概括方式让我受益终生。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"3e607477f4f9bcddc9c5c579a2f618d2"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f1750323c67b40c4a0020c26c7866ff2__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"触摸还像建筑师的手,对形体的内部关系有深入的理解和认识。塞尚讲过:在我看来,世界是由方块、圆柱、圆球、和三角锥这些不同的体构成的。这样的理解对体积的认识是有帮助的,要把一切物体都看成透明的,分析和理解物体的横断面,这也是结构素描的基本理论。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"4df17015aacf05ccaa4cffa73ffd2e71"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3675361c0294d168a95500bf3704475__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"49f27427db8b32c2eca132ad5e54330d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7f710f198f334989ba3469271ae57f77__jpeg.heic","img_width":2844,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"52b45f81529fc3028fff84f48d2690df"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6ab7518c5603461ea77f9004165167c9__jpeg.heic","img_width":3442,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"fad844fc111f8f5ab0edeaa013b675ae"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1118,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/72e663e4b48c419382d4ccd6d6f19f39__jpeg.heic","img_width":2048,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"最简单的方式总结形和体。这个六边形是剪影,是边缘线围成的形,加上高棱,瞬间变成形体,出现各各朝向的面。体在空间里转动,边缘和高棱不断转换,透视变化不断生成。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9a24f31caacd26ba187fc2a7072d005f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1622,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/0303d36dea0648f9b5654bef00f802f3__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"有两个快捷的理解方法是我在20年前总结出来的。G和K的理论。
其一,我称之为\"字母G的理论\",最常见的三条线叠压的关系很像大写字母G。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"51b71e6a7c8b471617ba31427337efca"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1082,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/533fd5152a444d0cb95a1d107df14307__jpeg.heic","img_width":1260,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"初学的人往往把表现套环状的两条线连起来,这样体积就没有了。以两个杯子为例,第一个比较薄,第二个比较厚。两条线离的越近就越薄,离的越远就越厚,其实用线表现体积是特别简单的。
其二是字母K的理论。说的还是线与线的叠压关系问题,这种表现的组合关系很像大写字母K。往往被画画的人忽略,其实了解这一点很重要。有\"碰\"\"压\"\"离\"三种表现。
字母K的组合关系到处可见,在此仅以鼻子和脸颊为例。第一组为\"碰\"的表现,\"碰\"是不好的组合,它破坏了形体关系,干扰了空间的表达,鼻子和脸颊出现了\"共用点\"。共用点和共用线是一定要避免的!第二组是\"压\",非常好,有表现力。第三组是\"离\"也很好。或\"压\"或\"离\"都可以,只有\"碰\"绝对不可以。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9895ac60e510212230f659d6a5165863"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1428,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d3730a51353443e5854ac1d5e092f4f8__jpg.heic","img_width":1116,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"图中清晰的地方都是大写字母G的例证,我们可以发现很多很多的字母G。脖子从领子里面出来、手从袖口里面出来、拇指从拇指球的地方出来、衣褶的变化、这耳朵的变化也是一样,都是这三条线的叠压关系,几乎到处的立体关系全是三条线叠压的,没有质的区别,只有量的多少,可能发生很多次。立体关系好像很复杂,这样理解就容易了。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c77e5f6e893b419dca4f7e376e9ee0a3"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1014,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7c98ffb85f0c4be4ba3613e116d78d86__jpg.heic","img_width":1006,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"4406d4679c423dabad3f7b0d53c0d2db"},"img_del":0,"img_height":700,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5d12febfd4f84c24b49665a0500d3ee4__jpg.heic","img_width":752,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"83d8bd7c50d16c401abfa41c4ae8e846"},"img_del":0,"img_height":776,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/4085e92620cd4e0081c363b81d6bc220__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"明暗当然是有用,是营造氛围的最有效手段。它在创作中非常重要,比如17世纪荷兰的用光大师伦勃朗,明暗营造烘托出了戏剧化的氛围,它的画有交响乐般的恢弘。明暗作为绘画语言当中有效的表达方式,也应当很好的学习。但学早了明暗是危险的,它应当是第二个阶段的训练内容,明暗虚实的手段很容易出效果,往往成为画不好素描者自欺欺人的\"遁形术\"。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"646dbd83ff0eca107e2fd8d958536198"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1298,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5e9bd1e86fa34bb99a9a647e54648f6e__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"要想象这个体积是什么样的,一定要\"看\"到体积背面的形状,像是盲人的手去触摸。刻画应该是穷追不舍的状态,确定了外形之后,便从一个局部的点开始推着画,在步步紧追的过程中,所有的细节像触摸过一样,很像闭着眼睛或者是在黑暗当中伸出去摸索的一只手,你的眼睛这个时候变成了一只手,像手一样随着起伏在形体上爬动,画者的状态又必须很像虫子,像虫子在复杂的表面上爬。但是,千万不要忘了:我这条虫子心里装着整体是由鸟变成的。
这张素描提示的问题十分重要:明暗调子表现起伏要有严格的方向,必须按照形体的走势来画。这是我从丢勒的素描里学来的最有效方法,并作用于我的油画。在我的油画里,用笔触的方向塑造形体也是得益于对丢勒的学习。在此应当带着这个问题重看《祈祷的手》。
被电脑强化以后,铅笔线的方向看的更清楚了。明暗调子画的再少也要画的精准到位,更要注意调子随着形体的朝向排列出线条的方向。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"baf12a4cd0b86ba90f66145a4d32d026"},"img_del":0,"img_height":822,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/2f3e7bacce7d4a229acdcb668092e6e9__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"还有一个训练很像医院里检查身体照CT切片,一片一片的切下来,医生便会看见里面出了什么问题。这个训练是针对体积感的。训练的办法是画大透视、大俯仰的大角度,目的是通过对物体断面的观察和理解,认识体积的复杂变化。
具体的例子是我画的两个石膏像,右面的部分是最终完成的全因素的素描,左面的部分是CT画法的分析过程或叫结构素描,把写生对象当作一个水晶体来透彻地理解。断面的分析帮助很大,如果这个步骤作到了,就是雕塑家之手,也是医生之手,有到位的写实能力。前文提到代表理性风格的贾克梅迪,他的素描就是这种方式的拓展。他的研究不是给人看的,全部舍弃掉了外表的漂亮,是画给他自己的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1a16b1f359c9be2592622ca73fe4194f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/66ae18b477164390aef2d99a5425ac1b__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5789488488df671c1f67a8f07cea4646"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f9d1d5ad37b14e34a6bd2a3073870dc3__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"597549d8c0083ceaaa0c24dd6ab6ab1a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5e7729ecaebf4a11a35651d1d6c1aa29__jpeg.heic","img_width":2668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d5ae9bf18ac5ff27be48db973303c30c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/65f1976d98c840c3a61bcda405d3dd1d__jpeg.heic","img_width":2814,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"477c8b84497a373c9ffa185757a8ab33"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1644,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/40288bef083d44fcb335fb5b0037cf13__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f1672aaa33539b187127997b6c9e478a"},"img_del":0,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"把假人放倒的训练目的也是为了建立横断面的意识,学会画出透视缩减。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"53c1b66e8583c2c8ee12f6be9ca0b74e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":214,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/8ec7d05019764961a7bfb25eb4c32b9d__jpg.heic","img_width":600,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c75ab8c9ad1b87ef816b05a446fd3efe"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1ea5aca4dd534988b16eca57a0914ed1__jpeg.heic","img_width":2762,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"黑尔的《向大师学素描》是好书,对经典素描的体积分析很到位。
“临摹好画是捷径”,还有比大师经典更好的画吗?大师才是我们的学习范本。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"dff40427643c529a6dc487ab4fa6e835"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1442,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/52c7fe751023461fbd03bbec0b73810f__jpeg.heic","img_width":2386,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"达芬奇一件衣纹训练的小画,达到了素描的最高境界。何其典雅高贵,何其丰富深刻。
一行法师说:\"如果我们非常仔细地观看任何东西的心,它会揭露自己。\"
这就是放下标签与概念的意思。这是最直接的沟通,最直接的\"看\"。真的知道如何看,在那一刹那,事物自然会揭露自己的真面目。人生是如此,创意也是如此。
看到原貌,进而看到因果。两种如何\"看\"的能力其实是一种能力的两个面向,这能力就是安静。静下心来,并不表示松散,而是更专注地吸收面前的一切。在\"如是观\"中,用一颗安静的心放下标签和概念,让自己内心归零,变成一个最佳接收器。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"ac07bd64851532a0c9dc31d99ee04341"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1726,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/81a43bf57c984ef5800681b624fe5fc1__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"古典大师都是画布高手,训练布纹的目的绝对不是从此会画衣褶衬布那样功利。布纹藏着素描的全部秘密,布纹画的好,素描就彻底懂了。它藏着素描的全部秘密!
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f2349e79546c58813d54f5749198240b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1712,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ad7b6ebe23494aa19b4a6d725c37bc0f__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"一件布纹训练的示范,必须画的清晰明白,没有含糊其辞,没有不清不楚。画到究竟才见到素描的核心。
用一颗安静的心放下标签和概念,让自己内心归零,我理解为\"纯真之眼\"。初学者本有的纯真是可贵的,即便是成了速写高手,也不要忘了对造化的谦卑、对真实的恭敬、对画面的诚恳。永远要象个新手那样认真的观察、深刻的感受、质朴的表现。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"677b97788c35f21e9e8a8c5094b8c560"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1058,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/550c784286114b12a4396bce9a20f852__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在这个3D人物身上,我们可以看到网格状的线,抽掉明暗调子,它也是立体的。在网格状的线当中,横切断面的线,表现了透视和体积,显然比竖线更有表现力。膝盖、额头、肘尖是球状的,在网格状的线当中,两个方向都是有表现力的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d16140a57c76fed186c0ade79d75265b"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1442,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b46725a181f343779390a156d4c2dab5__jpeg.heic","img_width":1440,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"美剧里的龙妈在三D里网格化,成为素描好教具。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"086ec84de1c2d4f6401aad7100cf157d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/faf698bd2f614adb9143c809bba61cc4__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"77fb8e7870dcf8244d3513f5f597fee3"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1290,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f08f0440fe804d4e8370829c26c04ed8__jpeg.heic","img_width":1060,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"568de5c89374e948d6674430e3a92335"},"img_del":0,"img_height":158,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3c48212d79a44cf48c345492a9b09b66__jpg.heic","img_width":616,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"667446dc6aa9807520e64613c3bf2824"},"img_del":0,"img_height":88,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d78a7af825da4158952d8220bcd735ec__jpg.heic","img_width":680,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"素描的风格有很多种,教学的方法也有不同。这个老师这样讲,那个老师那样讲,这一个大师这样画,另一个大师那样画,学生们可能会造成困惑,可是什么方式才是正确的呢?可能都是正确的,也可能都是好的。重要的是:什么方式是适合你的,适合你现在的学习阶段的,要做出正确的选择和判断首先需要对整个美术史,起码是对整个素描史要有一个比较宏观的把握。这里不可能写一本素描史,但是,将不同的素描风格做一个大的分类是必要的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"902bb76fb77518052b96fcb33e320d5d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/37bc4dc9b947434c95e4eab0026189e2__jpg.heic","img_width":936,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"我想出了一个示意图。在风格系统中每一位画家都会找到各自的位置。在结构视图中,具象-抽象、感性-理性、触觉-视觉构成了六个极点和三个坐标轴,组成了一个立体的示意图。
难道说只有六种极点的选择吗?在六个极点之间有很多的中间阶段,一张画很可能处在一个中间的位置上。中间的点一般是古典大师的位置,达·芬奇可能在这个地方。这示意图有直观的功效,借此,我们能够清晰、明确地见到这些大师之间的风格关系。如此,遇到不同的老师强调不同的艺术指向时,你才不会迷失方向。比如,很多老师这样讲:这张画太\"紧\"了,\"紧\"了不好,你要画的\"松\",你要画的\"虚\"。为什么说\"紧\"了不好?为什么说要画得\"虚\"而\"松\"?他有他的道理。但是现在,先要学习的是触觉素描,那是基础,要\"紧\"而\"实\",我有我的道理。在这两个道理当中,都是对的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"76396ce40158dd1f8a94e634b2ae754e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":770,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b03f9c81bd1f4083958b493bbbcbc1a9__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"文艺复兴时代尼德兰的画家,凡·德尔·维登的素描。是触摸式素描的例子,为《抹大拉的玛利亚》画的草图。很像中国工笔画的一个线描稿,那些古典大师们都是用线来表现形体的,明确而肯定的边缘线是锐利的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f169125e24887930cfdc6661654716a9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1530,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/47c072247d34494b9194e5b3e21ecfb0__jpeg.heic","img_width":1280,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7abeba773448b266d67dff8d81100954"},"img_del":0,"img_height":388,"img_width":567,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"十九世纪的法国画家米勒的作品。是典型的视觉式的素描,边缘全是模糊的。在他的油画中,物体的边缘也都是模糊的,比如《拾穗者》中那三个农妇的脸,你看不清她们的表情,看不清她们的五官长的什么样。画面很简洁很模糊也很圆厚。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0db40899654145029f836335e1ba9055"},"img_del":0,"img_height":756,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/43ad3366e5134f3aae6c9458e0a8410a__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这是西班牙当代画家安东尼奥·洛佩斯·加西亚的作品,画的是他的小女儿。是典型的具象素描,或可称为写实素描。是和我们眼睛看到的具体而真实的世界非常接近的风格。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a4d2bc5468044eab53b781c9ec250376"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a63fe507bc454c24882823b5f7df56ac__jpg.heic","img_width":740,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"另一位西班牙的画家塔彼埃斯的作品,代表抽象的素描风格。尽管画面里仍然能看到一点形象,主体像一只脚,更重要的是他利用了很多的抽象元素来建构画面的节奏,比如说黑、白、灰、点、线、面、质感等等。
对比两张画,从具象到抽象,这是风格上的两极,这样好像走到了风格标尺的两头,表面看他们好像没有内在联系,其实他们的联系是很紧密的。具象和抽象都有画面语言的构成问题,都要利用绘画的元素来建构,对画面抽象构成关系的理解,对我们进一步认识素描很有帮助。遗撼的是,很多选择写实风格的人,不去看抽象画,或者看不懂抽象大师的作品,那么他的写实也不可能达到语言化表述的高度。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"6898cad064afab7267941f77d74e0e92"},"img_del":0,"img_height":894,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/bc85e175a37f4bbc906a229b312f5d0c__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"贾克梅迪的素描,他是理性分析的典型代表。他的素描不是触摸式的。画面中留下的是分析和理解过程的痕迹。在这里,他像科学家那样分析和研究眼前的事物,他的画有点像科学试验的草图,留下了各种各样试错的线条,在这样的画面中我们也能感觉到空间中的立体关系。或可以称其为\"结构素描\"。边缘的线,可能画了五、六条,那么哪一条是准的呢,可能有一根是相对准确的,这叫\"试错\",按照波普尔的说法,我们人类认识世界就是不断试错的过程。这个理论我也一直很欣赏,他有一句名言:\"我们要做的就是尽早的犯错误\"。不怕画坏,不怕犯错误,你早一点犯错误,你就会早一点走向正途。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9dfb49e7215162bc7ee2a234f035fe29"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1338,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c4b3e9ba4f2b4978ba3f41adb127ff81__jpeg.heic","img_width":1024,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0970e9ca2f25faabfd0c30d55fb804d6"},"img_del":0,"img_height":567,"img_width":579,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"一幅梵高的素描,夸张的造型是表现主义的感性表达。是不是这里面就没有理性分析?理性分析的成分还是存在的,黑白灰与点线面强弱虚实的即兴处理。其实差别很大的风格之间也不是互相割裂的。正是梵高说过这样的话:我画画的状态表面看像是激情宣泄,其实我在进行着很精密的数学计算。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"72a61f2b37f760ffa9de479b559aac42"},"img_del":0,"img_height":88,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/16eb2a0b5c8e411b92a590e4886f50a7__jpg.heic","img_width":594,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"素描一词古汉语中没有,\"素描\"一词是借自日本,明治维新以后翻译西学而造新词,几乎被全套用于我国推翻帝制以后的学术界。中国古代绘画当然有素描现象。中国传统的素描方式包括:白描、课徒稿、画稿和书法,从理论到技法发展最完备的山水画,其丰富的皴法变化和笔墨样式都可以归于素描。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"4c346cd722f787f2c11e0167d34decd8"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7ca804da9289432f9770868d56943f3f__jpg.heic","img_width":928,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在中国美术史当中。有个词叫\"吴带当风\",还有个词叫\"曹衣出水\"。吴带当风指的是 中国本土的造型传统,借唐代大画家吴道子为这一风格冠名,画飘带像在风中飞舞,用这样的造型表现人物灵动鲜活之气,也可以说用强调外形\"剪影\"的方式来造型。这一传统古老而久远,中国春秋时代的绘画作品《御龙人物》东晋顾恺之的作品中,都会看到一种吴带当风式的表现。
在这张汉代画像砖的拓片中我们看到两个不同的剪影,一个侧面,一个正面,如果生活中的人这么站立,我们会觉得很滑稽,那样扭起来,像跳草裙舞。但是,在这张作品当中你会感受到他是很有表现力的,他通过外形剪影的夸张和变化,暗示了人的动态、体积和表情,他是靠强化造型剪影来实现的。\"剪影\"是非常关键的一个词,在我的素描教学当中很强调剪影,外形的轮廓线围成的这个面积就叫剪影,像剪刀剪下来的影子,像皮影戏,也象映到墙上的影子。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0c07e94e19f1e8c6791925fb015d2b87"},"img_del":0,"img_height":976,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/12a1644336d5438b8eba369e5864cb1b__jpg.heic","img_width":710,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"\"曹衣出水\"指的是北齐的大画家曹仲达画佛教人物衣纹的方式,他勾的衣纹线就象从水里出来的人一样,湿衣服贴在身上,美术史便借曹仲达为这一传统冠名。这是唐代画家卢楞伽画的《六尊者像》之一,尊者旁边站着一个人,是印度人,或是一个胡人,他身上的衣服就是曹衣出水,非常典型,衣服都贴在身上,包裹在身上。这个传统哪儿来的呢?这个传统来自印度,来自西域的佛教艺术,往前追溯,是印度的楗陀罗风格。楗陀罗风格是印度本土的造型传统和古希腊艺术结合的风格。我们在古希腊的维纳斯雕塑上可以见到衣裙是裹在身上的,像从水里站起来的一样,所以说曹衣出水的源头在古希腊。美术史关系是网状的,是多种风格样式互相交织的历史。中国的造型问题当中就出现了曹衣出水和吴带当风两个传统的碰撞。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"431fc6eabe0f9e2adea8806f1765328c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3655fa91f8894d4b8ec38cb0e9aeacb6__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"宋代兴起了礼学思想,强调儒家的\"格物\"精神,格物就是对真实的一种虔诚研究的态度。宋代成为中国绘画最写实的时代。宋朝的时候是公元10世纪,那时,西方还处在中世纪的阶段,文艺复兴的写实绘画要等500年后才会出现。
宋代李公麟的作品《五马图》之一,画得很棒,非常写实。《五马图》是中国式的写生作品,用十分准确和真实的造型,表现了不同人物和不同马匹的个性特征和精神气质,表现了人物体质相貌上的民族和地域的特点,马匹的品种和地域特征的描绘同样也是肖像化的。形的精准,用线的肯定、生动和造型的张力都在后来的西方人之上。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a641addc2f7244ffc232e8625bfad2fb"},"img_del":0,"img_height":678,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c9328558a8db41a0ab29fefecd015757__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"中国在山水里面有两个词,一个叫\"石分三面\",表现石头的正背阴阳要分三个面来画,说得就是明暗。还有一个说法是\"墨分五色\",这很像西方讲明暗光影素描的\"三大面五大调子\",\"墨分五色\"讲的是画面的黑白灰关系,所以在中国的传统当中其实很重视这两个问题。
这是范宽的大作《雪景寒林图》,画面里的白雪也象是从上面来的光线,我们因此会感觉到立体、浑厚,感觉到一个写实的精神在里面支撑着。《雪景寒林图》便是中国式的明暗层次分明而体积关系丰富的素描,其沉静典雅和幽深意境不在达·芬奇之下,树石刻画具坚实明晰,气魄之宏大不是西方人能够相比的。要记住这幅画,它具有被今天的人们丢失掉的沉静,那是最珍贵的品质。在它面前我们无话可说,心马上就会静下来。如果这种沉静的品质你具备了,也具备了这样一种作画状态,就会是一个大师的料。
五代北宋的山水画是中国素描最具灵魂的精品,中国的山水画中有各种各样表现山石形体质地的皴法,那是中国式的把握世间万物的造形方式。人物画中有\"十八描\"是中国式表现人物衣饰质感的方式。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a510250878dd8ab81c619a47f0870efe"},"img_del":0,"img_height":898,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5ea0940600a84b6aa55853745448e8e6__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"有一个词叫\"西学为用\",整个的说法是\"中学为体西学为用\"。意思是中国传统是根本,西方文化是补充和利用。明代已是文人画的天下,准确刻画的追求被士大夫阶层主导画坛的文人画家们所不齿,因而继承了精细刻画传统的肖像画出自大量无名的民间匠人之手,虽然中国写实的传统在正统的美术史中消失了,可是在民间画像的师傅们那里,这个传统被复活了。这传统哪儿来的呀,怎么突然间明朝画的这么写实。不是说宋朝写实传统中断了吗?这是从欧洲传来的,明朝的时候正是意大利文艺复兴的时代,意大利耶稣会的传教士们来到中国,其中最著名的是利玛窦,也是科学家,与徐光启一同翻译过《几何原本》,利玛窦又是画家,和明代的肖像画家曾京是好朋友。他们之间的交往和友谊,在小范围里实现了东西方的文化传播,文艺复兴写实绘画的成果也就传到了部分中国人的手里,所以在明朝出现了一批很写实的肖像画。
这是南京博物馆收藏的一批明代官员肖像之一的《罗应斗像》。我特别喜爱这批作品,对我影响很大,甚至喜欢画正面,都跟这有关系。正面是一种面对面的有勇气去透视灵魂的角度,当然也不太好画,可是画出来之后会意味深长。这张画就画到了灵魂深处。
在《罗应斗像》当中,我们甚至能感觉到明暗,比如说鼻子,他是用明暗画的,有光影,就象用闪光灯拍正面相时的明暗和起伏关系,以往中国人在山水画里也能够表现立体,靠边线叠压和坡面转化的\"皴法\"画起伏凹凸,他脸上的变化就很像山水的\"皴法\"。这是人物画和山水画的结合,在技法上他们融为一体了。明人肖像的准确生动,内心刻划的毫不留情,其水准应不在荷尔拜因素描肖像之下,人物面部用\"边线\"\"坡面\"的配合来表现体积与起伏的方式其实与荷氏也十分相似。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c91dc272896958ec5dc3480169259e45"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c2a0bf16d3134454b6e775344b299ed2__jpg.heic","img_width":694,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这是清代\"金陵八家\"之首的龚贤所作的山水册页,他的画很浑厚,墨色用得非常好,用\"积墨\"的方式画出墨色丰富的层次,是墨分五色。
历代书法家的实践和理论更为直接的向抽象的造型领域进行着《点线面——绘画元素分析论》式的探寻。山水的课徒画稿是中国式的造型训练手段,所涉及的造型表现问题全是素描的问题。我更愿意用中国画的方式解释和教授素描,它绕开了那些被翻译过来的绘画术语,代之以经营位置、布局、边缘、勾勒、坡面、沟壑、石分三面、皴法、山势、墨分五色等等。总觉得:\"中国素描\",是古人的实践,合于中国人的思维习惯,顺应中国人认识事物的角度,体现中国人理解事物的方式。在教学中不必重建一套西化术语和认识方法,不必在泊来的素描语境中先把自己变成西方人,用中国式的素描作为出发点学习绘画的基本功,进而立足中国学习西方的绘画传统,是更便捷的学习方式,一切都是我们熟悉的。
我们真的熟悉自己的传统吗?我们不觉间被西化的程度十分惊人,我们还适应古人留下来的认识事物的方式吗?我们还读得懂古人画作的精妙吗?我本人就是学国画出身,这些东西是亲切无比的,同时对我的启发也非常大,比如说在我的素描和油画里,中国画的学习经历一直都在起作用。我的素描是有着中国式传统绘画血脉的,不少人看了我的速写本,脱口而出:\"你原来是画国画的吧。\"
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7a41599d7d57e275a730b68b9a6f2057"},"img_del":0,"img_height":102,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b65fcbca13924888a3bbb129cbde9bfb__jpg.heic","img_width":608,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"学素描就应当了解素描史,这个问题是关心素描的人无法绕过的,在西方的绘画史当中,素描是怎样一步一步走到今天的。如贡布里奇所说,\"美术史是一部视觉方式的历史\",所谓的视觉方式就是指不同时代的人和画家观察真实、认识真实并表达在作品中的方式,在绘画中对这一\"视觉方式的历史\"呈现的最为直接和明确不过的就是素描。西方历史上的画家们都是用素描作为研究各自视觉方式的手段,也因而素描成为解决造型问题的基础手,并进而把素描和草图用丹配拉和油画发展为完整的主题性绘画,可以说素描的表达方式与相应的绘画表达方式是完全谐调一致的,有什么样的素描就有什么样的绘画,反之有什么样的绘画也一定有什么样的素描相伴随。美术史上无数正式作品与素描的对应已证实了这一点。素描史就是一部绘画视觉方式演变过程的浓缩。素描史能够帮助我们正确地理解和学习西方古典大师的绘画技艺,如果找到与油画对应的素描,就象找到了解开油画技术迷宫的后门。
大师们的真性情往往在短期素描当中得以最充分的流露,其精神价值往往不在正式的大作之下。可以从素描作品入手还原艺术的问题情境,展开\"艺术的故事\",找到连接这个\"故事\"的一个个情节。这里不可能写一部素描史的大书,仅选择几个重要的转折点,构成一部素描史的问题集。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"26b40f01055e7793f688e985abcf0631"},"img_del":0,"img_height":824,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c7620af17a434455ab71105ce05dcb10__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"埃及人用所知的经验完成墓室壁画,没有独立于壁画之外的素描,那些墨线勾成的形象施以胶彩即成绘画,他们利用二维的经验方式,如同用文字符号进行着的书写,用图画的\"文字\"写着他们的事,如棋子指代车马兵将那样,用符号指代事物就算完成了图画的功能。完全是\"正面率\"的,这个人和那个人长得都一样,这个时期的绘画很像文字,贡布里希的说法叫\"画其所知\",与儿童画的表达方式相似,一个圆圈是身体,再画一个圆圈是头,然后一边一根棍儿是胳膊,下面两根棍儿是腿。画所有人一样,是符号化的,有点像国际象棋,不需要表现王后长什么样,国王脸上有没有痦子,这个时期是图像文字化和文字图像化的时代。中国也曾经有过图画式的甲骨文,与古埃及有很多相似,不同的是我们的传统不曾中断一直延续到今天。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"fff0361ba57e8dddf471f00a3ed2a7b5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":392,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5bace0d13a9e425aa7a45b79424d13be__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"古风时代的希腊人对图画功能的认识和埃及人一样,是符号化的,它们被留在了美丽的陶瓶上,不难看出对真实的客观世界表现的努力已经开始,古典时期的作品表现了这种欲求\"再现\"的努力。古典时期的瓶画已经很写实了,这里面的人物有了特征和立体关系,从古风时期到希腊化时期,一步一步的开始观察真实,走上了追求写实的道路。这时期的艺术家,开始把眼睛转向了周围的世界,不再是脑子里知道的那个世界。埃及人是不可能这样画两条腿的,这条腿压着那条腿,那条腿被遮挡,脚仅露出一点。古希腊人在立体写实这样的道路上已经走的很远了。他们的写实传统,令我们惊讶。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1feca8df7e83c5b057141791b958395f"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/5177ec151a8f4ccf8e10c7caf90103d9__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"从希腊化时代到罗马时代古代的艺术家们具备了再现真实的能力,我们无缘见到他们的素描,庞贝壁画和法尤姆的木乃伊棺盖上的肖像因以蜡为材料媒介而千年不朽,让今人看到了他们的写实。人物结构精准,性格刻画和光影的表现不在今人之下,那已是肖像化的再现式绘画。如果我们对美术史了解不多的话,不会相信这会是古罗马的作品,更像十九世纪的作品,至少是文艺复兴时期的,很写实,这鼻子头有高光点,是三大面五大调子的明暗表现。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c01b5ec6e4ef8d4027b6256dd9447ec9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":860,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/fd3a6818c67542d996f5a2633e7c6976__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"古希腊和古罗马历经千年成就的伟大的写实传统突然间就中断了,到了中世纪,绘画又回到了一种符号化的表达,像埃及人一样,成了符号化的文字。中世纪的手搞和插图是那时的素描,圣经的插图实际上是给不识字的人看的,不识字的人他不懂文字,但他知道这个人代表谁,那个人代表谁,一目了然,这个传统不只是中世纪如此,是古代所有宗教绘画共有的特征。比如西藏的唐卡、壁画,和中世纪是一样,图画的功能是代替文字弘扬佛法,形象是符号化的。或许人们的视觉对抗着明暗和透视的\"真实幻像\",东方的绘画更是只有凹凸的渲染不见光影和明暗,这种本能和对抗被贡布里希称为\"我们灵魂里藏着的埃及人\"。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"610b1d2767d725c79541e3c6721ec3af"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2588,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6b6aea63ca3f49218c5fdc91ae72c044__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"文艺复兴为什么叫复兴呢,复兴什么,就是复兴古希腊,文艺复兴时代把这个写实的传统重新接续。如果把中世纪对应古埃及,把文艺复兴对应古希腊,等于把追求写实的过程重新走了一遍。这是提香的老师威尼斯画派的的早期画家乔凡尼贝利尼的作品。质朴而深刻,真切而坚实。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9e1cbc3a1e4c7fafd6c537f1df1cd040"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2762,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/193dcce8cf4a450fa0211397af156f9d__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"006d8852e079f438ea9109d6d611628c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":740,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/bb8036a61b1c46359ea00908cdec1c9a__jpg.heic","img_width":608,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"文艺复兴自奇马布埃到\"三杰\"至少三代大师的努力,真实又回到了画面。这是达·芬奇的作品,用少而简约的几条线把浑厚的体积表现出来,当然是触摸式的。这是个可爱的过渡时代,素描与正式画作的对应关联最为明确。达·芬奇的线描再深入,加入光影即为底层画,底层画再层层提亮、施彩反复进行即成油画。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9f90fa9051040a3c3887b1f01a1679c7"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1284,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/70958d92e1e1460289f969c1182af6fc__jpeg.heic","img_width":950,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米神的利比亚女巫素描稿,经典里的经典。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"692238d55b4968b242bc84142853d6e9"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1156,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1ddf37c680cd4d4b9509701f74316e0f__jpg.heic","img_width":1352,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"曾经多次临摹,几乎可以默写。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"aad0b5351f1d8143e63d1c5a25efc1f7"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d0462c3b70494542af44c24aefa4d0c6__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"惊叹这大脚趾,可以数出的几笔。膨胀饱满,骨肉铿锵。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"5aaf651fb593ea655682787d6ec0d5a2"},"img_del":0,"img_height":676,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c259691c33304a77aa425dbf7309e918__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米开朗基罗的这张素描,只用了可以数出来的100多条线!这张作品我特别崇拜,没画几下,表现了无与伦比的体积和重量,甚至可以感觉到这个身体非常的庞大,像一个大山倒在那里,那是米开朗基罗才会有的力量。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0dd04dec9ad70e7c56f4bef6b5847556"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1904,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3a1fa757a16c41d0bdcb966584ac3ac1__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"米开朗基罗传世经典应该见到就要临摹,还有比这更好的学习范本吗?
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8e331c49cbb1defe7749b2cd409c6288"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1514,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/87e6532afef24d8db35b3f0548e119e6__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"《祈祷的手》可以说是在美术史当中让我们记忆最深刻的一双手,几百年来它感动我们。我将这张素描的最精美复制品挂在自己的屋子里,像每天的祈祷和祭拜。一张小画,充满感情,充满深刻的内在精神体验;画的坚实具细,他的观察方式很像手的触摸。这张画是很有代表性的触觉素描的例子。
我们会提出疑问,画素描是用眼睛去看的,难道还要用手去看吗?实际上我是用\"触摸\"作为一种比喻,去指向用眼睛\"观察\",在这一类素描当中眼睛的观察如同手的触摸,我把触觉式观察的素描称为\"触觉素描\"。
\"触觉的观察\"这个词不是我发明的,有一位二十世纪初的美学家叫沃尔夫林,他写了一本很重要的书,叫《艺术风格学》,在那本书里他把观察方式分为两类,一个是触觉式的观察,一个是视觉式的观察,并由此发展出绘画系统丰富的风格变化,发端于触摸式的观察,就会导致绘画中边缘线的锐利,所有的部分都可以画的清晰可见,也会导致这种风格的画面 关系是比较平面的,丢勒是最典型的代表画家,他在灰底上用黑白两种颜色画素描,与他油画的制作程序也是完全一致的。
如果是视觉方式的观察,观察的方式会像照相机,人眼球的构造本来就如同照相机,焦距能够调虚、调实,这种观察方式就叫做\"视觉式的观察\",视觉的观察方式会导致对明暗、光影、虚实、空间、距离更敏感。可以说,在西方美术史乃至所有民族的美术史中,我发现都存在这样两个系统,即触觉的方式和视觉的方式。
我的素描教学,就是围绕着第一类触摸式观察的方式展开的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7bad91ed82bca2ae8ce65e434ec7182a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":749,"img_width":579,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"丢勒的得意之作《亚当与夏娃》,在触摸式的素描阶段他到了一个巅峰状态,此时的观察方式无论远近、明暗,皆被画的清晰可触。丢勒甚至有一点神经质,边缘线都是紧张痉挛颤动的,刻的非常实,对细节兴趣盎然,局部画得很深入。连树皮三怎么裂开的都画得很清楚;这些树干画的很圆,有厚度;脚边小耗子的尾巴也画的很圆,像画一根柱子一样的去表现;不要以为触摸式的素描边缘锐利不能够表现厚度,这张画是很好的例证,它能够把人体的空间和厚度表达充分,肩头结实,肩窝里的前后叠压穿插清晰。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"68327864a5998b7a217631cca7d27d92"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1720,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e3a0c4820687439da024efdfa4dbff7c__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"应当说丢勒是素描的一道门,只有入了丢勒这道门才有可能真的会画素描。这件黑人头像,简练概括中体面关系榫卯结构十分清晰。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"9d82018ada523dd95f9298cd4d1b0623"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1000,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b539f1a579a146c1825829b1c2a0e954__jpg.heic","img_width":666,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"年轻的丢勒画自己的左手。向丢勒学习,另一只不画画的手是我们的教具模特。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2706190d5775ba66cc9a6e22d49fffe5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6a1187ba7aa64e6ba7c04da329a8005e__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"内向的女孩。鼓胀的球体。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"199a7dc644cf675a111a944e58c1c0bc"},"img_del":0,"img_height":748,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/87fe71e95c394e7789ce74fa60deba9e__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"778e9f210d040cae3d9d731d1e2384da"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1652,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ae4fa55476e248c8be5ad3ba482d37c8__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"真实是最有力量的,我们要向大师学习的首先是诚恳和敬畏的态度。荷尔拜因对我的影响非常大,他是我从工笔白描向古典素描转化的学习范本。近年的彩碳头像也受到他的影响。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"b1b78ddb3e43699631026743ba10652e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1372,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3b84fafd4674ecfb2446e4b23df74ab__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"荷尔拜因大量的素描头像我都是极喜爱的,这一件是最爱。灵魂出窍!四百年前的爵士在这张小纸上附体。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"bf2122c31a20df1052d04a807cb004cc"},"img_del":0,"img_height":802,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/7499629ab0cc41888a776efd1d6bba03__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"这是提香的作品。从文艺复兴后期的威尼斯画派开始,特别是从提香开始,西方绘画走到一个历史性的转折点上,这个转折点上的最伟大人物就是提香。他不再像丢勒那样把眼睛瞪圆了看边缘,而是把眼睛眯起来了,就像今天我们的老师教的那样,看的是一个大关系,大的明暗和虚实。边缘线已经是不确定的了,他的素描边缘模糊,光影明确,他也用线,可是这线已经不再是丢勒的那种线了,这个明暗也不再是丢勒的明暗了。比如说这个眼皮,是单眼皮还是双眼皮,是怎么转过去的,不再去管它,这个嘴也是一样,画得很棒,很轻松就表现出来了,这个嘴里的牙究竟是怎么样的,不再去管它。提香也经历了一个从非常严格的刻画到一种很概括的表达这样一个历程。这焦距不清的画法,标志着美术史进入了绘画的\"视觉方式时期\"。视觉方式的代表画家很多,如委拉斯凯兹的后期、伦勃朗、米勒、莫奈、修拉,都可追到这个传统的起点。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"55ba74c56188083331cdd156100bee30"},"img_del":0,"img_height":844,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c116fa5d6333454591054afa3e95e2ea__jpeg.heic","img_width":1264,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"鲁本斯学习和掌握了米开朗基罗和提香的全部精华,在巴洛克时代,他是素描和油画的集大成者。人体素描的最好范本。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f3fc845419a2a0a5e6b3e31d07498ddf"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2716,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b1c80b1195e2406b8f5e2487920edd85__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"94cccffe9ab313c6841afa235704a508"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2970,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/34fde8e502e04864b4959eed1e0d8508__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"0460145f8b517c4666ad3c11acafbc67"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2830,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d3593ee9a01d47bc88be3a759583bc66__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"ac62a4c7e508f8cdd6e011a5fb4cb796"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2796,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/3d2ea19c3c524de4bf83a0bf85006578__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"e21469954600ba2f6119635bfa1772b5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2936,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ff5611c0a5214deda40b2bba7fc4760f__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"96a519fc7389f32e055896cc8941a3f7"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1484,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6fcf0f6a4eaf4568aaf2c681dda4d03a__jpg.heic","img_width":1126,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"他的第一位夫人伊莎贝拉,明亮的额头如蟹壳般坚硬瓷实。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"529a164a68ca84a841517d86dc1a6b81"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1474,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/525777c19436455eaffd515d32a613dc__jpg.heic","img_width":1200,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"鲁本斯画他可爱的儿子。我们画东方人的难点是凹凸太弱起伏平缓,大师画的孩子启发很大,没有骨感也有体积,饱满鼓胀才是好素描。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d53d50f2c088c2563e2315f45fcceb96"},"img_del":0,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"从威尼斯画派以降的100年间出现了像鲁本斯和伦勃朗那样的素描大师。奇怪的是,同时也出现了几位不画素描的大师,他们是西班牙的艾尔.格列科、苏巴朗、里贝拉和素描极少的委拉斯凯兹;意大利的卡拉瓦乔;还有荷兰出现的空前绝后的维米尔。他们恰恰又是造型功底最深的巨匠,似乎说明了不画素描照样可以获得造型能力。这种认识是大错特错的!进一步学习美术史,特别是学习一下西方绘画的技法和材料的演变,问题就明朗了。这些画家们的油画,都是先画单色的底层画,而后,再透明地\"釉染\"有色彩的表层。那单色的底层画是什么?那就是素描!而且是明暗级差完整的\"全因素素描\"。
艾尔.格列科继承了威尼斯画派的\"多层画法\"画黑白的底层画并使笔触更加奔放和简化,十七世纪的画家们学习卡拉瓦乔,等于是给素描着色,委拉斯凯兹早年通过学习里贝拉掌握了卡拉瓦乔的技法,并远远地超过了前人,严谨的底层画训练为后期的娴熟放逸打下基础,成为\"画家中的画家\"。维米尔在底层画训练的基础上又得益于\"光学取景暗箱\"的启发,达到了后人超越不了的艺术高度。结论是,几位不画素描的大师,其素描画的最多最好。不画素描不可能成就造型的本领。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2a525efb2be7cc4b9a6bb460937d0c65"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2388,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/8a230599d25a4d578d743ea104eb4946__png.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"自意大利的文艺复兴后期至17世纪,美术学院逐步形成,成为培养美术人才的学校,这一传统到19世纪成为正统,特别是俄罗斯的美术学院契斯恰科夫的素描教学体系,一直影响到中国的当代,影响了我们的师爷和老师们,核心的理论是\"世界上没有线,边缘线是面的缩减。高光点只能有针尖那么大\",因而产生\"三大面五大调子\"的理论,机械而僵死的教条在五十年代由苏联传到了中国,而后,我们的老师们不断地繁殖僵死的教条。使得后来的画家们成了只有依赖明暗的\"拐杖\"才会画画的\"残废\"。
这是契斯恰科夫的作品,我非常喜欢,很质朴也很有表现力。他本人的作品不像他在理论上讲的那样绝对,也没有涂满了调子,和文艺复兴的传统决不是割裂的,边缘甚至勾了线,而且画的很实,看来是没出息的后人把它的教学体系给教条化了,成了死的传统。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f0eb9b5b7b26a10fa1339999b40b6e88"},"img_del":0,"img_height":858,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/ff842cc196af447d8a64a136789d37a5__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"契斯恰科夫有几个高徒,培养出俄罗斯最好的画家,包括才气纵横的列宾。这是列宾画的一个弹钢琴的女子,如果按照契斯恰科夫的理论,这个人画得太虚了,钢琴画的太实了,钢琴比人还实。大师必游于法度之外,人物从头到凳子没画几下,简略的抹了一点暗示性的明暗,几乎是透明的,可是感觉到很浑然,很厚重,这是三大面五大调子吗?肯定不是。我们要在美术史的高度上重新看俄罗斯的素描传统,公允地讲,契斯恰柯夫素描体系是学院式素描的集大成,可惜的是在传入我国的过程中一再传讹,终被误解为唯三大面五大调子的方式才叫素描的可笑认识,当今这一认识已被瓦解,苏派素描的真相和价值应被重新评说,却原来它与文艺复兴以降到十九世纪的欧洲古典传统素描的追求没有本质的差别。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8cd3aa1296aad939eafbc1166527716e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/302f0061c3fb405fa1ad95b11c68daca__jpg.heic","img_width":772,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"女版画家柯勒慧支《农民战争》组画之一的《俘虏》。她的画可以是学习素描、学习构图和造型语言的教材,构图和造型都在表达情绪表达精神,同情、爱、愤怒、关注都在这样一个构图形式当中宣泄着,绘画的元素都有了精神的含量。一条绳子,串起了像木桩、像栅栏似的愤怒的俘虏们,简洁的画面形式和表现主义的夸张造型都充满了激情,人胳膊比腿还大,比腿还长,两个非常巨大的手。右边的孩子是非常软弱的形状,表现了病弱无助,后面这些人呐喊、挣扎、愤怒成了有力的对照。这难道说只是人物面部表情上的这种对照吗?不是表情,是造型,造型本身是绘画的表情,构图没有表情吗?
柯勒慧支使构图和造型有效地服务于主题,在她的版画中成为最有力的语言化表达。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"39ea41515f07fbf31cf4929b3e44c4e6"},"img_del":0,"img_height":850,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a07c8ea020254b72b393e30d1b184d53__jpg.heic","img_width":694,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"比利时画家帕尔梅克的作品,画的是渔民夫妻的象,画面中有很多抽象元素在起作用,一个黑大汉般男人,形状坚定的妻子。非常有力量,画得有说服力,表达的主题十分明确,外形的处理很简洁概括,黑白灰点线面和画面的构成关系,是语言化的,它和情绪紧密相关,和画面要表达的精神紧密相关,缺少精神指向的形式是没有灵魂的,所以仅仅只有骨头是不够的,更高的境界是由骨见魂。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"36e7360c69240d4d7d900178cd9780c0"},"img_del":0,"img_height":560,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/67ef87dd7f2c48e3b50a7cf450c8ac05__jpg.heic","img_width":742,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"二十世纪是一个伟大的时代,这里面一个了不起的人是塞尚,塞尚是现代艺术之父,他的实验使艺术重新回到了平面,也启发了立体主义的产生。什么叫立体主义?就象地图,地球是圆的,把地球展开变成地图就叫立体主义,立体主义实际上是解决平面的问题。塞尚关心的核心问题是\"秩序\",也就是通过理性分析平衡画面的构成关系。这个传统如果追根溯源的话,会一直追到古希腊的\"黄金分割\",在塞尚的画面中有古希腊神庙建筑般的伟大和谐,有真实的英雄气概。他的画是写实的吗?这绝不是表面的写实,重要的是它见到了骨头而不顾及表皮,就像盖了一半的建筑,只有梁柱和框架,瓷砖没贴、柱头门窗还没装、更没有装修,是赤裸裸的骨架。\"皮、肉、骨、魂\"是我对艺术品格高下的认识和理解。我觉得无论画什么都必须见魂,由皮到骨,最后见魂,如果你最后就一层皮的话,即便是写实的,没有画面结构,没有骨的支撑是站不住的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d7526270df7a1292822e56690c529eaa"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/80f80d852e714658aa0d16da3e9a5648__jpg.heic","img_width":884,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"二十世纪素描史有一个很重要的例子是毕加索,毕加索为什么说他最重要,他的画里所有的表达方式都变得语言化了。绘画语言经过这些现代大师的实践,\"语法关系\"日渐清晰。母鸡这一幅叫\"摇篮曲\",充满了母爱的温情默默和融融暖意。小公鸡这一幅画出了不可一世的傲慢,暴力而野蛮。小公鸡和老母鸡,完全是用两种方式、两种语言去表现的,小公鸡的形全都是尖利的,包括鸡冠子、翅膀和非常有力量的脖子。
毕加索拆解立体,重构平面上的美丽事物;贾克梅迪只看到那些结构了世界的骨架,有了那些不见边缘只见框架的线。康定斯基用绘画元素来表达音乐般的情感;克利\"跟着一根线条去旅行\"。这是二十世纪素描史的贡献。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"54887ecf4d9f65aef9a647aed88b438d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/df1774b0a98e4fa09cccbb380c8fff5d__jpg.heic","img_width":566,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"蒙德里安的画更明显地看到黄金分割,所有的线段比例是黄金比。追到根源还是古希腊,古希腊的彼德格拉斯学派发现的一个关于美的伟大法则,塞尚和蒙得里安是一样的,他们解决的问题很相似,蒙德里安更理性更抽象化了。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"884f0ae50bb572581e5acfccb996d213"},"img_del":0,"img_height":886,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6a47828bc35a40f7ab71b13246d3d3ef__jpg.heic","img_width":568,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"海西格,当代莱比锡画派的核心人物,也是画派里画的最好的一位。基本功扎实而后可以恣意放笔。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"7310bcf753f8cc8d78c58eae4fb90f94"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/2e57acaf069a403991702166ed471eaf__jpg.heic","img_width":768,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"在绘画当中,表现立体感有两种办法,一个叫\"塑造\"是视觉的方式,不断画凸起的部分,可能越堆越厚,还有一个方式叫\"雕刻\"是触觉的方式,不断刻凹进的部分,仍然可以表现立体,如同浮雕,在一个泥土的平面上通过向里雕刻边缘,将立体表现出来。这两种办法都是有效的,可是表现在绘画中的风格会完全不同。
不是只有古典大师才画触摸式观察的素描 ,当代的写实画家小佛洛伊德,他仍然用触摸式的观察方式在画画。他也用一些明暗,他的明暗画的其实是起伏,边缘线全是清晰锐利的。比如肩膀,从左到右没有虚的地方,都是用线来勾缝隙,线与线之间的叠压关系像雕刻。完全不同于\"三大面五大调子\"、近实远虚、明实暗虚的素描方法。在触摸式的素描当中,没有虚的地方。比如从鼻子、嘴到下巴,一条线压着另一条线,层层叠压,像刀子刻进去的,感觉刻的很深远。同时又成功地表现了空间和立体感,这个胖身子有充分的体和量,挤出来的肉很有表现力,绝不是画虚了才有立体和空间的,只要画的准画的对,空间和体积就出来了。在这里专门选择他画的大胖子做例子,借此可以令人信服地说明,触摸式观察的素描,能够很充分的表现体积和重量。素描正是解读油画的一把钥匙。在西方的美术史中,有什么样的油画就会有完全相同风格的素描,素描所关注的问题也会是油画关注的问题。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2e74eec48ad5d999eba441baecd4127e"},"img_del":0,"img_height":104,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c3d123d1e84d41a1add3d36aa4062155__jpg.heic","img_width":640,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"画家都要有一个成长的过程。无一例外的是:开始画得比较严谨,像丢勒一样工细。甚至有细碎、僵紧的毛病,我觉得这不是问题。只要学大师走正路,随着技艺的成熟逐步地就会走到灵动放松的阶段,情绪化的精神性表达会变成自觉的追求。也可以把这个过程概括为:从触觉到视觉、从线描到涂绘的过程。
先以我为例,这是我前后两个阶段的画,时间跨度是九年。1995年的素描是触摸式的,主要是线描,画的很实。2004年的素描已经不完全是触摸式的,这位下岗人的无奈在她依然的美丽之中显出感伤。她质地闪亮的衬衣被我画的很实,如此对比出了脸﹑头发﹑外衣飘乎不定的\"虚\"。
如果有老师说你画得太\"紧\"应当\"概括\",不要怕,有一天你会\"松\"的,也将\"概括\",不过不是现在。你走到了哪一步自己应当清楚,如果你已经很成熟了可以去实践虚而松的追求。如果你只是初级阶段的学生,你必须老老实实先进入丢勒这道门。如果开始学画就松,是松懈,不是松驰。开始学画就画得很虚,是虚弱,不是虚灵。没有坚固的\"实\"的训练支撑画面的\"虚\"是靠不住的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"6d2875e5f9a483f28bb273a15d607d61"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/07445126986d4736b00328f7495f04e1__jpg.heic","img_width":836,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"小师如此,大师同样是这样的发展过程。大师的例子更有说服力。 左边是十七世纪西班牙大师委拉斯凯兹年轻时代画的《卖水人》,所有细节都是清晰的,非常实。继承卡拉瓦乔的传统,直接学习里贝拉;右边是他后期画的《纺纱女》,笔法娴熟灵动润泽,到了不可企及的高度,虽然没有一处是实的,但质地、体积、空间、光线无不精妙,这耳朵画了五六笔就完成了,没有一笔是多余的。他如果没有早期的严谨就不可能达到这个才气纵横的自如境界。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"2d233b94823661075ae629c9bc2574b5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/46740e9f3af545f0b24e906bf8eae5db__jpg.heic","img_width":1020,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"伦勃朗的年轻时代,入细严谨,边缘锐利。后期明暗加强边缘虚化。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"81e1a37617b45341bc3b160fdc4da32a"},"img_del":0,"img_height":568,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/18e23820b2d5460aa19d8a11de178376__jpg.heic","img_width":1078,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"为了把这个重要的问题说的令人信服,再举一例。左边是十九世纪法国印象派大师德加早期的素描,布纹画得准确精细,刻画的能力不在古典大师之下。右边是后期画的舞蹈演员,既大刀阔斧地概括又敏感微妙,人的肩、背、头的运动、光线、解剖、质感俱佳,简练而又丰富。如果没有严谨训练的准备阶段就不可能达到浑然简约的水准。
切记:概括不是简单,是以少胜多。初学者必先繁而后简,先实而后虚。实,可以学习技术,虚,可以显露艺术品味,艺必在技之后,虚的阶段也必在实的阶段之后。
有学生问:老师你画眼睛两三笔就完事了,为什么我画不出来呢?我说:你得先画一百笔,然后再画两三笔,有一天你会做到的,不过要像大师那样努力,天堂之门是很窄小的。
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"f21274689be17fab7d3dc1c3f2aaaf35"},"img_del":0,"img_height":440,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/f1778d708f624c64a51dd401344cbd47__jpg.heic","img_width":742,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text":"我的全部教学概括起来就仨字:学大师!
","text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"d2d530609a196c549b9fef5043cd77e5"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1370,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/d4322f4fb3e94894a5201eb3c03aea23__jpeg.heic","img_width":2198,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"29a4780e04623efba2b534b17d916ccb"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2694,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/91782fd0ab7c4614b4a0aa9e28ee6cee__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"40b52bdc12f54008569610dde5b389ae"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2898,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/e0572e4e33ff4f5da66374527a295118__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"614fadd8c648c7dcdaeeed5fabbfcbc8"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2698,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/c95141dcb5c442238aed4e89d0e0856a__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"8471d03c3a96cafd7c41b62508594a6c"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2704,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/4bf150cc2087450c942215b58f22a32f__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"c069c880cbc5405222d8e65c022e527d"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2670,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/6f4c0b6c7309411ab40b2f3117efb437__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"a8250c6ec5637421e0309489fe8f7790"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2674,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/41f8f681c91f49da84822c2cc7bee3ce__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"01351e1fe9dd53533da3665660f33104"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2924,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1d2cd6e6910d4d089018a35c0927d418__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"649484d76dcef496923bc02fe0a45adb"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2824,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/39c95c11182a45f98f231c114cf51601__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"543a1ad50eea49aac847d35a23776fe0"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2670,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/b3f790bea698468a9960d0174fbd6902__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"dc12359fa115460a320ca2673dd03266"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2686,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/0d7ca11a2c224d7592e301bb157feec2__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"353c6c2e29ad6e6e79bc2078549a9815"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2684,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/1d1b6da01180482a836eff9d367441f3__jpeg.heic","img_width":1998,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"cd3c42b34ac2aa37e2ef48f1f2f6cc64"},"img_del":0,"img_height":2570,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/91ed93bd1df942dc958f16ff2bb09719__jpeg.heic","img_width":2000,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"cab03fcbaf449f2210359187e220c406"},"img_del":0,"img_height":1398,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/a4a5dab5731042308009f5ba80c44ffe__jpeg.heic","img_width":1272,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0},{"audio_del":0,"ext":{"unique_id":"1a51f9118bf5aa40a2b03629780fa0ef"},"img_del":0,"img_height":676,"img_url":"https://ss-mpvolc.meipian.me/users/459821/785ebc6d152948f996c62bb9625571e2__jpeg.heic","img_width":1668,"location_del":0,"sell_del":0,"source":0,"source_platform":"local","splicing_template_id":0,"text_del":0,"type":1,"video_del":0,"video_thumbnail_del":0,"vote_del":0}],"mark":0,"gift":{"icon":"https://ss2.meipian.me/app/article_gift_flower_icon_v2.png","amount":0,"mix_icon":"","mix_persent":0,"display":1},"topic":{"has_vote":0,"vote_rank":0,"vote_count":0},"visitor":{"is_share":false,"visitor_id":0,"visitor_user_id":null,"from":null,"channel":null,"theme":null,"in_app":false,"from_web":false,"self_view":false,"timestamp":null,"sign":null,"is_from_app_launch":null,"show_praise":null,"praised":null,"wechat_sign":null,"token":null,"password_v2":null,"visitor_open_id":null,"share_depth":"","visitor_union_id":null,"ua_source":"web","mpuuid":"","isFan":0,"relation_type":0,"member_status":0,"member_img":"","head_attach_img":"","headwear":null,"request":{"attributes":{},"request":{},"query":{},"server":{},"files":{},"cookies":{},"headers":{}},"is_new_guest":0,"first_share_uid":0,"risk_cheat_info":"","is_cheat_risk":false,"page_visit_id":"PC_172767613167ffff0c6740f9.26709534","is_good":null,"auth_url":null,"from_auth_callback":0},"watermark":"?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3N0YXRpYzItc3JjLml2d2VuLmNvbS9sb2dvd2F0ZXIucG5n/dy/50/text/QCDkuo7lsI_lhqw=/fontsize/320/dx/10/dy/30/fill/I0ZGRkZGRg==/text/576O56-H5Y-377yaNDU5ODIx/fontsize/320/dx/10/dy/10/fill/I0ZGRkZGRg=="};
var detail = ARTICLE_DETAIL;
window.model = { detail: ARTICLE_DETAIL }