土家立屋上梁仪式

胡继元

<h1><font color="#167efb">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 土家族“立屋”完成以后,为了体现主家对中梁的重视,都要举行隆重而又别开生面的上梁仪式,亲朋好友及邻居都携贺礼前来道喜并观看,整个仪式由掌墨师傅和他的大弟子主持,整个场面鞭炮齐鸣,唢呐声声,热闹非凡。有的上梁师傅为表谦虚或怕在众目睽睽之下出现差错,往往都在上梁仪式开始之前说几句客套话,如“隔行如隔山,隔山不内行,语言不妥当,敬请多原谅”等。<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 上梁仪式大致分以下10个步骤。<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br></font></h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 祭 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;梁</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>祭梁。</b>这是土家上梁仪式的开始,先将梁木置于华堂正中,掌墨师一手拿斧头凿子,一手端菜盘(盘中置酒、肉、豆腐等),只身步入华堂,在梁木跟前焚香烧纸祭鲁班与祖先,然后在一片鞭炮声中大声吟诵,“日吉时良,天地开张,金梁玉柱,闪发毫光,今逢黄道,大吉大昌!”说完,对着梁木行跪拜礼,跪拜完毕,接着封赠道:“一个茶盘四角方,张郎设计鲁班装;四方雕起云牙板,一把壶儿放中央;不说壶儿样如何,说起壶儿有用场;那日当门银匠过,请他进屋打金银。前面打个银牙头,镂个鹅嘴就泻酒;银牙头儿好捉手,内装一壶包谷酒;主人拿来有何用?祭这宝贵的栋梁;一祭栋梁头,子子孙孙当诸侯;二祭栋梁腰,子子孙孙在朝纲;三祭栋梁尾,富贵荣华长流水。”</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 开 &nbsp; 梁 &nbsp; 口</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<b>开梁口。</b>由两位木匠师傅和弟子各拿斧头、锉子分站梁头和梁尾,梁头师傅先高声封赠道:“说开梁口先开东,主东有福百事通,荣华富贵享不尽,稳坐宝地如龙宫。”说完用斧头铲去木梁东头的一块木屑。梁尾的弟子接着封赠道:“你开东来我开西,主东万事都如意,自从今日落成起,富贵好似上云梯。”</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;制 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 梁</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>制梁。</b>这个过程讲究,如斧砍刨削的树皮等木屑要用红布包着,不能散落地上让人践踏,并将部分木渣用红布包着珍藏于箱内,这叫“扎材(财)”。两位师傅一个削,一个刨,且边削边说封赠词。</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;包 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;梁</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>包梁。</b>梁木修整完毕后,木匠师傅在梁木中央凿个眼,用红布包上朱砂、茶叶、米,滴上酒塞于眼内等,并用铜钱将一块红绸钉在屋梁的下正中间,鄂西苗族有的用红绸包扎一尺许,布内包历书一本、硬币若干,以表示万年牢固。木匠师傅边包边说封赠词:“不提红绫犹自可,说起红绫有根生。昔日董永行大孝,天上仙女下凡间。二姐织来二姐板,三姐四姐丢梭板。五姐六姐登程坐,七姐八姐牵梳织。织起红棱三丈三,拿到长街去换钱。主家见他红棱好,买回家中包栋梁。前头大包诸侯府,后来又包宰相堂。左边又包金银库,右边又包玉米仓。”&nbsp;</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 缠 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;梁</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<b> 缠梁。</b>这是升梁以前的准备工作,先由堂屋两边屋架上的人各抛一根粗绳(土家人俗称“金带”)下来垂至地面,由掌墨师傅先缠梁头,边缠边封赠:“手拿金带长又长,拿起金带缠屋梁,左缠三圈开金库,右缠三圈开银行。”接着,梁尾的弟子手持金带缠住梁尾,边缠边说封赠词。</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;升 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;梁</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<b> 升梁。</b>由两位师傅领头,众人拉的拉、抬的抬,将中梁沿着东西两头设置的楼梯逐级向上提升,两位师傅一步一吟,情景蔚为壮观,其封赠词随地域不同、民族不同而不同,如来凤的土家族匠师们这样恭贺道:“手攀双龙,脚踏云梯,步步登高,节节升起,上一步一劳永逸,上二步两议太极,上三步三生佳运,上四步四平八稳,上五步五彩缤纷,上六步六合同春,上七步七星高照,上八步八面光明,上九步闻名九霄,上十步百事顺心。”</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 赞 &nbsp; &nbsp;屋 &nbsp; 场</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>赞屋场。</b>梁木升上屋脊后,两位师傅翻身上梁,高座梁头梁尾,开始赞屋场,梁头的掌墨师先封赠道:“坐在梁头打一望,主东坐个好屋场,前有喜鹊报佳音,后有玄武镇煞方,左有麟麟配狮象,右有青龙配凤凰,粮山棉海地下出,金山银海土里藏。”接着,梁尾的弟子也封赠道:“坐在梁尾望四方,此个屋场好气象,前有龙头吞珍珠,后有龙尾戏银浪,左边修起金银库,右边修起鱼米仓,金银库里藏金宝,鱼米仓内万担粮。”</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;喝 &nbsp;上 &nbsp;梁 &nbsp;酒</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<b>喝上梁酒。</b>主人家为酬谢两位木匠师傅上梁之辛劳,特备酒菜让两位师傅在梁上品尝,两位师傅边饮边说封赠词:“美酒甜,美酒香,制造美酒是杜康,杜康造酒千家醉,一处开坛十里香,平日拿酒待客人,今日拿酒点栋梁,一杯酒来点梁头,主东发财扬九州,二杯酒来点梁腰,华堂落地万年牢,三杯酒来点梁尾,地美人美万事美。”</h1> <h1><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;抛 &nbsp; 梁 &nbsp; 粑</b></h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>&nbsp; 抛梁粑。</b>这是上梁仪式中最富情趣的一幕,先由主人家把糯米做成的糍粑送上屋脊,由两位师傅在屋梁上向下面众人抛散,土家人信奉抢吃此粑可以健康长寿,因而男女老少争先恐后,相互角逐,两位师傅在梁上边抛边说封赠词:“站在梁头高又高,手拿粑粑把梁抛,一抛五谷大丰收,二抛四季把财招。”给众人抛完,两位师傅各留一对大糍粑抛给主人家,边抛边封赠道:“快过来,主人家,送你一对大金瓜,自从今日落成后,坐进华堂好发家。”</h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 下 &nbsp; &nbsp; 梁</h1> <h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<b>下梁。</b>这是整个上梁仪式的最后一幕,两位师傅先谢主东,再谢众人,然后翻身下梁,边下边说封赠词:“鹞子翻身下屋梁,主东稳如泰山梁,人坐宝地千年有,荣华富贵万年长。”“鹞子翻身下屋脊,主东万事都如意,勤劳致富发财路,给你搭的冲天梯。”下毕,鞭炮齐鸣,唢呐高奏,庆祝“上梁”成功。掌墨师还要说最后一道恭贺词:“锣鼓喧天鞭炮响,恭贺主东造华堂,修华堂,造华堂;赞华堂,颂华堂。人满堂,亲满堂,钱满堂,粮满堂,金满堂,银满堂。福禄寿喜满华堂,千古落成百世昌"。</h1>