<p class="ql-block">云雀(skylark,学名 Alauda arvensis)是一种体型较小相貌平平的鸣禽,头上长着一小片羽冠,一不小心,会被误认成麻雀。中世纪的英国拥有丰富的草地和田野,这些都是云雀最喜欢的栖息地,因此古英国人有大把机会可以观察云雀。他们相信云雀能飞得很高,甚至能抵达天堂,而且云雀以一种非凡的方式一边歌唱一边飞行,它们会盘旋在几百米的高空上,美妙的歌声响彻云霄。某些科学家推测,云雀没有什么耀眼的外表,于是造物主赐予了它们动听的歌喉来吸引配偶。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">无数杰出的英国文学家与诗人都不遗余力地赞美过云雀,莎士比亚也不例外。<span style="color:rgb(21, 100, 250);">云雀在莎士比亚的作品里出现了27次,大多数都是以甜美的歌声迎接新的一天的开始。有时他用云雀和夜莺来分别代表白天与黑夜,将两种鸟的歌声相互比较。</span></p> <p class="ql-block">(云雀)</p> <p class="ql-block">莎士比亚还在他的作品里向观众展示了云雀的某些特性。直到17世纪左右,欧洲人还在广泛食用各种鸟类,中世纪的宴会菜单上频繁出现各种“small byrdes”(小鸟),包括雀鸟(Finches)、鹡鸰(wagtails)、莺( warblers)、画眉(thrushes)、椋鸟(starlings)、黑鸟(blackbirds)等。其中最著名、最经常被食用的是云雀。古罗马人最爱吃云雀的舌头,将云雀舌视为财富的象征。(我个人以为国人喜欢的鸭舌肯定比云雀舌好吃多了)。到了18世纪,严苛的法律出台,禁止穷人食用野兔、鹿、野鸡、鹧鸪等大型野味,因此这些大型野味成为上流社会的选择,许多小鸟从富人的菜单上消失了,但富人们仍坚持吃云雀。住在乡下的英国人掌握了各种捕捉小鸟的办法,比如云雀喜欢大红色,猎人们会用红布引诱它们靠近,然后用网捕捉它们。《亨利八世》(Henry VIII )第三幕第二场,大臣萨力(Surrey)就敦促他的同僚不要听信腐败的红衣主教:“好啊,你这个牧师,要不是你的长袍在保护着你,我就要让你的血肉之躯尝尝我的宝剑的滋味。各位大人,你们能忍受他的狂妄之言吗?而且是从这个家伙口里说出来的。如果我们如此温顺地生活下去,被一块红布弄得疲惫不堪,那贵族就完蛋了。就让他继续他的恩典,用他那顶主教帽,像捉云雀那样,来挑战我们。”</p><p class="ql-block">(By my soul, Your long coat, priest, protects you; thou shouldst feel My sword i' the life-blood of thee else. My lords, Can ye endure to hear this arrogance? And from this fellow? if we live thus tamely, To be thus jaded by a piece of scarlet, Farewell nobility; let his grace go forward, And dare us with his cap like larks.)</p> <p class="ql-block">(云雀)</p> <p class="ql-block">中世纪的欧洲人还将云雀养在笼子里作为宠物,许多关在笼子里的云雀都被弄瞎了眼,因为人们迷信地认为这样做可以增强它们的声音。尽管云雀歌声优美、身躯敏捷,但人们认为它们的眼睛并不好看。根据欧洲的民间传说,云雀用自己的眼睛与蟾蜍交换,因此云雀的眼睛很丑陋,而蟾蜍却拥有一双俊眼。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet )第三幕第五场,一对恋人之间有一场关于云雀和夜莺的对话,朱丽叶就提到了这个传说。现将有关对话翻译如下:</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">朱丽叶:</p><p class="ql-block">“你要走了吗?天还没亮。那刺进了你的惊恐的耳膜的,不是云雀,是夜莺的声音。它每晚都在那棵石榴树上唱歌。相信我,亲爱的,那是夜莺。”</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">罗密欧:</p><p class="ql-block">“那是云雀,是清晨的使者,不是夜莺。瞧,亲爱的,东方的那朵云上已挂着晨曦的金线,夜晚的蜡烛已燃尽,而欢乐的白昼踮着脚站在雾蒙蒙的山顶上。我必须离开才能活下去,留在这儿只会束手等死。”</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">朱丽叶:</p><p class="ql-block">“那道光不是晨曦,我知道的。那是从太阳中吐射出来的流星,要在今夜为你点亮火炬,照亮你去往曼图亚的路。所以,你留下来吧;你不必离开。” </p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">罗密欧:</p><p class="ql-block">“让我被他们抓住,让我被他们处死;只要是你的意愿,我就心甘情愿。我会说那灰色的云彩不是清晨的眼睛,那只是月亮女神额头苍白的倒影;那响彻云霄的歌声也不是云雀的。我更想留下来,而不是离开。来吧,死亡,我欢迎你!朱丽叶愿意这样。怎么了,我的灵魂?让我们谈谈吧;天还没有亮呢。”</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"> 朱丽叶:</p><p class="ql-block">“天亮了,天亮了;快走吧,快走吧!那唱得走了调,发出刺耳的、让人讨厌的尖锐声音的,正是云雀。有人说云雀造成了(夜与昼)甜蜜的分离,事实并非如此,它只是造成了我们的分离。有人说云雀和令人厌恶的蟾蜍换了眼睛。哦,现在我希望他们也换了声音,因为那声音让我们离开了彼此的怀抱,像追捕白天一样追捕着你。哦,现在就走吧!天越来越亮了。”</p><p class="ql-block">(Juliet</p><p class="ql-block">Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near day.</p><p class="ql-block">It was the nightingale, and not the lark,</p><p class="ql-block">That pierced the fearful hollow of thine ear.</p><p class="ql-block">Nightly she sings on yon pomegranate tree.</p><p class="ql-block">Believe me, love, it was the nightingale.</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">Romeo</p><p class="ql-block">It was the lark, the herald of the morn,</p><p class="ql-block">No nightingale. Look, love, what envious streaks</p><p class="ql-block">Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east.</p><p class="ql-block">Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day</p><p class="ql-block">Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. </p><p class="ql-block">I must be gone and live, or stay and die.</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">Juliet</p><p class="ql-block">Yon light is not daylight; I know it, I.</p><p class="ql-block">It is some meteor that the sun exhaled,</p><p class="ql-block">To be to thee this night a torch-bearer,</p><p class="ql-block">And light thee on thy way to Mantua.</p><p class="ql-block">Therefore stay yet; thou needst not to be gone.</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">Romeo</p><p class="ql-block">Let me be ta'en, let me be put to death;</p><p class="ql-block">I am content, so thou wilt have it so.</p><p class="ql-block">I'll say yon grey is not the morning's eye,</p><p class="ql-block">'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow;</p><p class="ql-block">Nor that is not the lark, whose notes do beat </p><p class="ql-block">The vaulty heaven so high above our heads.</p><p class="ql-block">I have more care to stay than will to go.</p><p class="ql-block">Come, death, and welcome! Juliet wills it so.</p><p class="ql-block">How is't, my soul? Let's talk; it is not day.</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">Juliet</p><p class="ql-block">It is, it is. Hie hence, be gone, away!</p><p class="ql-block">It is the lark that sings so out of tune,</p><p class="ql-block">Straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps.</p><p class="ql-block">Some say the lark makes sweet division;</p><p class="ql-block">This doth not so, for she divideth us. </p><p class="ql-block">Some say the lark and loathèd toad changed eyes.</p><p class="ql-block">O, now I would they had changed voices too,</p><p class="ql-block">Since arm from arm that voice doth us affray,</p><p class="ql-block">Hunting thee hence with hunt's-up to the day.</p><p class="ql-block">O, now be gone! More light and light it grows.)</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">在莎翁创造的一系列戏剧人物中,朱丽叶是提到云雀次数最多的,对话中有四次提到了云雀。她希望云雀和蟾蜍能交换声音和眼睛,这样她就不必和心上人分开。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">年少时不懂莎翁作品里的花鸟意象,觉得小两口之间的窃窃私语甜得让人发腻,读懂时已是泪湿春衫的中年人,已是剧中人。</p> <p class="ql-block">(夜莺)</p>