美的多元 古希腊的艺术与生活之一

花甲星

<p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">  古希腊艺术品展在国家博物馆南厅二楼一号厅、二号厅。展期七个月,到2025年6月5日结束。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;"> 在北京就能领略古希腊的艺术与文明,对地中海文化圈的发展有所了解,实在是十分幸运的。</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">彩陶</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">国家博物馆一楼通廊,</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">《屹立东方》</span>主题展览上的大型浮雕<span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">《愚公移山》,</span>根据徐悲鸿画作制作。徐悲鸿请不起模特,画面人物,多具印度人特征。</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">序章</span></p><p class="ql-block">A Few Words About </p><p class="ql-block"> the Exhibition </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;"> "美"是个神秘而迷人的概念,数千年来,对人类的心灵产生无限吸引,并与之相伴随形。"美"是感官上难以抗拒、令人愉悦的存在。它体现于每个时期的艺术中,也以其不断的变化和多元的表达在人类的创造中刻下自己的印记。本次展览聚焦于古希腊造物的美学维度,同时也邀请观众一同探寻审美选择背后的精神底色。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">希腊新石器时代(约公元前6800-﹣前3200年) Greek Neolithic Age ( c .6800B. C .-3200B. C .)</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">展览将沿着"美"-﹣这条贯穿人类创造力始终的线索,通过四个部分展开。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">希腊青铜时代(约公元前3200﹣前1100年) Greek Bronze Age ( c .3200B. C .-1100B. C .)</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">第一单元"寻美,永恒的主题",通过来自古希腊不同历史时期的日用器皿为我们呈现了人类历史发展中审美的持续变化和它的不同侧面。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">希腊早期铁器时代(原始几何陶及几何陶时期,约公元前1100﹣前700年) Greek Early Iron Age ( Protogeometric and Geometric Period , c .1100 B . C .-700B. C .)</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">第二单元"爱美,不变的天性",借助古希腊神话中对美的诠释,以及考古发掘中与古希腊服装、发型和化妆相关的物证,对古希腊社会的审美偏好进行本质上的探讨。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">古风时期(约公元前700﹣前480年) Archaic Period ( c .700B. C .-480B. C .)</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">第三单元"镌美,卓越的塑造",展示了从新石器时代到希腊化时期,对人体视觉表达的演变,以及其中所蕴含的美。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">希腊化时期(公元前323﹣前31Hellenistic Period (323B. C .-31B. C .)</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">古典时期(约公元前480﹣前323年) Classical Period ( c .480B. C .-323B. C .)</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">最后的尾声"美,无尽的求索",旨在引导观众从审美的角度,对美的内涵及其对人类的价值进行思考。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">罗马与希腊世界(公元前146年﹣330年) Rome and Greek World (146B. C .-330A. D .)</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">大理石女性头像浮雕圆盘残片。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">来自米洛斯岛,基克拉迪群岛约公元前460一前450年</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">圆盘上描绘的可能是爱与美的女神阿佛洛狄忒。她浓密的头发束成一个髻,卷曲地搭在修长的脖颈上。鬓角处可附上一绺金属卷发。这张脸庞散发着优雅与均衡之美。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> From Melos , Cyclades Around 460-450 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> Н N АМГ3990</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">双色迪米尼风格装饰的陶碗</span></p><p class="ql-block">Clay bowl with bichrome Dimini style decoration </p><p class="ql-block">来自塞萨利地区的迪米尼</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">在这种由直线构成的网格状图案中,扭转的螺旋纹创造出了新的装饰美感,尤其适合在盛放液体时欣赏。</span></p><p class="ql-block">新石器时代晚期二期,公元前4800﹣前4500年</p><p class="ql-block"> From Dimini , Thessaly </p><p class="ql-block"> .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM n 5920</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">陶罐</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Clay Vessel </p><p class="ql-block">来自塞萨利地区的维斯维基马古拉</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">这是一件手工制作的大型容器,装饰有花纹、圆圈和条带,突显了其造型。这件陶罐不仅美观,而且能通过它极高的价值增强拥有者的声望。 </span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">新石器时代晚期,公元前5300一前4500年</span></p><p class="ql-block"> From Visviki Magoula , Thessaly Late Neolithic ,5300-4500 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМП17353</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">"坎迪拉"式精工大理石罐</span></p><p class="ql-block">Marble elaborate vase ," kandila "</p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛的帕罗斯岛</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">这类石罐其硕大的尺寸、洁白的大理石光泽以及在形态对称中体现的艺术价值,在基克拉迪社会中被视为尊贵之物。这类器皿主要用作富人墓葬中的随葬品。</span></p><p class="ql-block">早期基克拉迪文化一期,公元前3200一前2800年</p><p class="ql-block"> From Paros , Cyclades </p><p class="ql-block"> Early Cycladic I ,3200-2800 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM 74763</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">"坎迪拉"是基克拉迪文化最有代表性的大理石器器形之一,特征是带有平肩的球形器身、上细下粗的圈足、圆锥形脚、截锥形的器颈和4个带孔器耳。其因与东正教教堂使用的油灯外形相似而得名。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">绿泥石平锅形器</span></p><p class="ql-block">Frying pan vessel ( made of chlorite schist )</p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛,可能是纳克索斯岛</p><p class="ql-block">用大理石或其他石材制作的平锅形器皿十分罕见。这件文物通体布满涡形浅浮雕纹饰,这些精致复杂的装饰表现了基克拉迪群岛周围波涛汹涌、充满危险和挑战的海域。</p><p class="ql-block">早期基克拉迪文化二期,公元前2800一前2300年</p><p class="ql-block"> Probably from Naxos , Cyclades </p><p class="ql-block"> Early Cycladic II ,2800-2300B. C .</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМП20935</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">"船形陶器"</span></p><p class="ql-block">" Sauceboat "</p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛的锡罗斯岛,查拉德里亚尼墓葬</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">这是公元前三千纪典型的容器造型。这种容器被用来倾倒液体,在基克拉迪群岛及希腊大陆常有发现。优良的土质和高超的烧造技术使其拥有极薄的器壁。</span></p><p class="ql-block">早期基克拉迪文化二期,公元前2800一前2300年</p><p class="ql-block"> From the Chaladriani cemetery , Syros , Cyclades </p><p class="ql-block">É arly Cycladic II ,2800-2300 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM n 5191</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">刻纹抛光红陶瓶(左)半球形刻纹抛光黑陶杯(右)</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Incised red - burnished prochous and incised black - burnished hemispherical cup </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">来自塞浦路斯 这是两件来自塞浦路斯的手作陶器,经过抛光后光泽闪亮,表面有线状刻纹,</span></p><p class="ql-block">公元前2000一前1800年(陶瓶) 纹路中填充有白色石灰质材料。陶瓶长颈末端有小把手,以及带有穿孔的装饰块。</p><p class="ql-block">公元前1900一前1725年(陶杯) 陶瓶颈部狭窄,瓶体呈葫芦状。陶杯的外壁装饰有精巧的辐射状及圆圈状线条,白</p><p class="ql-block">色的线条与黑色的表面形成了美妙的对比。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">喙口"乳钉"陶壶</span></p><p class="ql-block">Clay beak - spouted " mastoprochous "</p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛,</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">这是一种具有象征意义的容器,以简单抽象的方式结合了女性和鸟类的特征。壶嘴处绘有"眼睛",壶颈装饰着两串项链,壶身上双乳高耸并被圆点围绕。这是在锡拉岛(今圣托里尼岛)火山爆发前制造的高质量陶器的绝佳范例。</span></p><p class="ql-block">锡拉岛(今圣托里尼岛)的阿克罗蒂里</p><p class="ql-block">公元前16世纪</p><p class="ql-block"> From Akrotiri , Thera ( Santorini ), Cyclades </p><p class="ql-block">16th century B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> Н N АМП27436[АКР877]</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">陶壶</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Clay prochous </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">来自基克拉迪群岛,米洛斯岛的费拉科皮 画师用两种颜色精心地绘制了鸟儿,辅以其他附加主题,用以装点这公元前16世纪 样一个日常使用的陶壶。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> From Phylakopi , Melos , Cyclade.</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM n 5762</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">" Prochous "是单把手陶器的古希腊名称,其材质多为黏土,但也有青铜制。一般用作分水器,常用于倒水或倒酒。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">陶壶</p><p class="ql-block"> Clay prochous </p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛,锡拉岛(今圣托里尼岛)的阿克罗蒂里 壶身上的水鸟体态十分优雅,画师用多种色彩绘制,并以</p><p class="ql-block">公元前16世纪 飘带图案来划分画面的不同区域。</p><p class="ql-block"> From Akrotiri , Thera ( Santorini ), Cyclades The painter depicts with grace the motion of the polychrome aquatic </p><p class="ql-block">16th century B . C . birds , which are placed in an extended decorative zone , defined by </p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM n 27570[ AKP 1838]</p><p class="ql-block"> bands .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">带滤孔层的有盖陶罐</span></p><p class="ql-block">Strainer pyxis </p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛,锡拉岛(今圣托里尼岛)的阿克罗蒂里</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">这件华丽的容器内部有滤孔层,用于制作芳香油或在宗教仪式中作为香炉使用。罐身装饰有涡形图案和白色圆点,底座的番红花图案则让人联想到锡拉岛的美景。</span></p><p class="ql-block">公元前16世纪</p><p class="ql-block"> From Akrotiri , Thera ( Santorini ), Cyclades </p><p class="ql-block">16th century B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМП27574[АКР2650]</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">圆锥形来通陶杯</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Clay conical rhyton - cup </p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛,米洛斯岛的费拉科皮 受米诺斯陶器和多色装饰理念的影响,制陶师将花萼形状</p><p class="ql-block">公元前17一前16世纪 的器型与所画的想象中的植物欣欣向荣的生长状态完美结合,构成了一件富有想象力的作品。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">百合和番红花纹杯</span></p><p class="ql-block">Cup decorated with lily and crocus flowers </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">来自基克拉迪群岛,锡拉岛(今圣托里尼岛)的阿克罗蒂里公元前16世纪。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">花蕊和花朵的轮廓用红色着重勾勒。装饰集中在杯子外壁的一侧,方便左手持杯的使用者在饮用时欣赏,从而带来视觉和其他感官的多重享受。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> From Akrotiri , Thera ( Santorini ), Cyclades </p><p class="ql-block">16th century B . C .</p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМП27420[АКР505]</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">百合和番红花纹杯</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Cup decorated with lily and crocus flowers </p><p class="ql-block">来白基克拉迪群局,锡拉岛(今圣托里尼岛)的阿克罗蒂里 花蕊和花朵的轮用红色着重勾勒。装饰集中在杯子外壁 公元前16世纪 的一侧,方便左手持杯的使用者在饮用时欣赏,从而带来视觉和其他官的多重享受。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">鸟巢形滑石碗</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Steatite bird ' s nest bowl </p><p class="ql-block">来自基克拉迪群岛,锡拉岛(今圣托里尼岛)的阿克罗蒂里 花瓣形的浮雕如同有生命般,蔓延并环抱着碗身,体现出</p><p class="ql-block">公元前16世纪 传统米诺斯风格石制器皿的特征,这在当时的爱琴海地区非常受欢迎。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">金浅杯</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Gold shallow cup </p><p class="ql-block">来自伯罗奔尼撒半岛,登德拉的第10号室墓 这是一款装饰有常春藤叶图案和浮雕饰带的典雅酒杯。有</p><p class="ql-block">(公元前16一前15世纪) 证据表明它曾在王宫中被作为日常生活器具使用,而后又成为奢华的王族墓葬的一部分。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">金杯</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Gold cup </p><p class="ql-block">来自伯罗奔尼撒半岛,迈锡尼的"墓圈 A ",4号竖井墓 捶打而成的花瓣状装饰围拢着杯壁,突出了金杯花零形的公元前16世纪 器型,为使用者带来意趣。这件豪华的有凹槽的金杯曾与另外19件金银器皿一同被献给一位年轻的"王子",从而构成了希</p><p class="ql-block"> From Mycenae , Grave Circle A , shaft grave IV , Peloponnese </p><p class="ql-block">16th century B . C . 腊世界中已知最古老的宴饮酒具套装。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">  约5600前的古希腊工匠们,已经掌握了冶炼提取黄金的能力;打造的金器,纯度很高。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;"> 地球人在新石器时代,几乎在不同地域的资源环境里,同时提纯了金。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;"> 编者注</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">卡皮托利尼式阿佛洛狄忒雕像</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Statue of Aphrodite in the Capitolini type </p><p class="ql-block">来自原亚历山德罗斯.约拉斯收藏</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">罗马时代的作品,经历了古代和现代的多次修复</span></p><p class="ql-block"> From the former Alexandros lolas Collection </p><p class="ql-block"> A work of Roman times with numerous ancient and </p><p class="ql-block"> modern restorations </p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМГ16151</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">普拉克西特列斯( Praxiteles ,公元前370-330年)是公元前4世纪阿提卡最知名的雕塑家,也是希腊最具独创性的艺术家之一。普拉克西特列斯是第一个雕刻真人大小裸体女性雕塑的人。他将其前辈作品中冷漠、威严的风格转变为温文尔雅、感性迷人的风格,对后来希腊雕塑的发展产生了深远的影响。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Praxiteles was the most renowned sculptor in Attica in the 4th century B . C . and one of the most innovative artists in Greece . He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life - size statue . He also transformed the majestic style in the works of his predecessors into a gentle , sensual and charming style , which had a profound impact on the development of later Greek sculpture .</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">这座雕像复刻于一件希腊化时代的作品(其原作被认为是普拉克西特列斯的《克尼多斯的阿佛洛狄忒》),由普拉克西特列斯的小儿子凯菲索托多斯于公元前300年左右所作。女神全身赤裸,发式繁复,双手羞涩地遮掩着胸部和下身。普拉克西特列斯的女性裸体范本因此而变得更为世俗和自然。</span><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">这件雕塑在经过长期的清洁与保护工作,包括修复件内部组装方式的 X 光检测后,首次在希腊境外向公众展出。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> The statue follows a Hellenistic version of the Cnidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles , assigned to his son , Cephisodotus the Younger and dated around 300 B . C . The goddess is depicted totally nude , with an elaborate headdress , covering prudishly with the hands her breasts and genitals . The Praxitelean model of female nudity has become more earthly and naturalistic . The statue is presented to the public outside Greece for the first time , after long cleaning and conservation works including the radiography of the internal assembly mode of the restorations .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">滑石灯</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Steatite lamp </p><p class="ql-block">来自伯罗奔尼撒半岛,迈锡尼的室墓 米诺斯人在照明器具方面的制造传统随着石制花萼形灯的</p><p class="ql-block">公元前14世纪 发明而达到顶峰。这种造型的灯通常在边缘装饰有螺旋和其他</p><p class="ql-block"> From a chamber tomb at Mycenae , Peloponnese 图案,一旦被点燃,便如同发光的花朵。</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">这件3400年前的石器,打磨的十分精美。</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">"繁复海洋风格"的马铅柄陶罐</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Clay stirrup jar of the " Closed Marine Style "</p><p class="ql-block">来自阿提卡地区,佩拉蒂公墓 这件贵重的器皿最终被用于陪葬,罐子里曾装有某种珍贵的公元前12世纪 液体。罐身密集地装饰着多种多样的几何图案,最引人注目的是</p><p class="ql-block"> From the cemetery of Perati , Attica 罐身两侧各绘有一只巨大的章鱼,鸟和鱼仿佛围绕着章鱼游动。</p><p class="ql-block">12th cantury B . C . A valuable vessel ultimately used as a funerary gift , this stirrup jar </p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM n 9151 contained some kind of precious liquid . It was densely decorated with a </p><p class="ql-block"> variety of geometric motifs and most conspicuously a large octopus on </p><p class="ql-block"> each side with birds and fish seemingly swimming around it .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">海洋风格是一种爱琴海陶器的艺术风格,器身纹样以海洋生物为主,例如鱼类、章鱼、海藻、海星、海葵、鹦鹉螺、各种海草等。"繁复风格"则指罐身框定的区域内密集地装饰着相互缠绕的图案。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> The " Marine style " is an artistic style of Aegean pottery , with vessel patterns that include elements of marine life , i . e . fish , octopuses , seaweed , starfish , anemones , nautiluses , and various sea grasses . The " Closed style " refers the surface of the vase is densely decorated with a lot of elements intertwined with each other .</p> <p class="ql-block">装饰有几何图案的陶酒壶</p><p class="ql-block"> Geometric oinochoe </p><p class="ql-block">来自阿提卡地区的帕拉亚科基尼亚 壶身上装饰着各种几何图案,像刺绣一样覆盖了整个表</p><p class="ql-block">约公元前750年 面。乳状突起使酒壶象征女性躯体,而壶身的花纹正如她身</p><p class="ql-block">着的华服。</p><p class="ql-block"> From Palala Kokkinia , Attica </p><p class="ql-block"> Ca .750 B . C . The vase is richly adomed with geometric omaments , which cover ,</p><p class="ql-block"> like embroidery , the entire surface . On the shoulder two mastoid </p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 18472</p><p class="ql-block"> projections convert the vase into an aniconic indication of a </p><p class="ql-block"> woman - like body lavishly dressed .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">陶迪诺斯罐</span></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"> Clay dinos </p><p class="ql-block">来自塞浦路斯</p><p class="ql-block">尽管像这样的敞口容器通常被用于烹饪或调酒,但它们优雅的造型、精致的彩色装饰无不表明,高级的审美情趣不仅体现在华丽的仪式器皿上,而且已经融入了古希腊人的日常生活中。 </p><p class="ql-block">公元前750一前600年</p><p class="ql-block"> From Cyprus </p><p class="ql-block">750-600 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 12356 A</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">带盖的黑底红画双耳喷口混酒器</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Red - figure calyx - krater with lid </p><p class="ql-block">来自希脂中部的维奥蒂亚 器身上,夜晚,黎明女神厄俄斯驾驶着她的战车,在赫尔</p><p class="ql-block">公元前420一前410年 斯的引领下越过海洋,象征黑夜转换成白昼,黑暗让位给光明。</p><p class="ql-block"> From Boeotia , Central Greece On the body of the vase , Eos , the goddess of dawn drives through the </p><p class="ql-block">420-410B. C night with her chariot over the sea Eos . preceded by Hermes who shows </p><p class="ql-block"> her the way , alludes to the transition of night to day , as darkness </p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 1383</p><p class="ql-block"> surrenders its place to light .</p><p class="ql-block">" Krater "(双耳喷口混酒器),古希腊用采用水稀释葡萄酒的容器。 " Krater ", ancient Greek vessel used for diluting wine with water</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">白色细颈有柄油瓶</span></p><p class="ql-block"> White lekythos </p><p class="ql-block">来自埃维亚岛的埃雷特里亚</p><p class="ql-block">由萨布罗夫画师创作公元前455一前440年 From Eretria , Euboea island </p><p class="ql-block"> By the Sabouroff Painter </p><p class="ql-block">455-440 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 12747</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">瓶画中,一男一女正在拜谒一座坟墓。男子拄着拐杖,手持缎带或花环,用以装点墓碑。另一侧,女子举手示意,目光投向正在全神贯注祭拜的男子。墓碑前还摆放着其他祭品。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">" Lekythos "(细颈有柄油瓶),是古希腊的一种陶器,是浴场、体育馆和殡葬祭品中使用的油瓶,其特点是长圆柱形瓶身,底部呈优美的锥形,瓶颈狭窄,带有环形把手。直到大约公元前480年,大多数这类器物仍以黑色图案装饰。随后,一种新技术开始使用,即在白底上绘制带有具象场景。目前已知的大量这种风格的作品主要来自雅典的坟墓,因为白底颜料易碎,不适合大量使用。" </span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">阿提卡黑底红画陶水罐 Attic red - figure hydria </span></p><p class="ql-block">来自埃维亚岛</p><p class="ql-block">公元前375一前350年</p><p class="ql-block"> From Euboea island </p><p class="ql-block">375-350 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 1424</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">爱神厄洛斯正站在酒神狄俄尼索斯和两位酒神狂女之间,用他的水瓶浇灌鲜花(可能是罂粟花)。花朵之美呼应了双翼爱神的美丽,而浇灌花朵的动作则象征着旺盛的生育能力。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Eros , among the god Dionysus and two Maenads , is watering flowers ( possibly poppies ) with his hydria . The beauty of the flowers is associated with the beauty of the winged god , while watering implies fertility .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">带盖青铜水罐</span></p><p class="ql-block">Bronze pitcher ( hydria ) with lid </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">来自塞萨利地区特里卡拉的帕拉约加迪基</span></p><p class="ql-block">公元前540一前530年</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"> Palalogardiki , Trikala , Thessaly </p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block">540-530 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM X 18232</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">这件器皿由科林斯的作坊精心制作而成。其垂直手柄被制成裸体青年的样子,手柄与罐身的连接处则点缀着狮身人面兽、棕榈叶和公羊。</p><p class="ql-block"> Made with special care by a corinthian workshop . The vertical handle is in the shape of a nude youth ( kouros ), ending to a palmette , rams and sphinxes .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">" Hydriae "(水罐)是带有三个把手的大型花瓶,两个水平把手在罐体上,一个垂直把手从罐口延伸至肩部,有陶制的也有金属制的。青铜水罐比陶制水罐更昂贵,保存下来的数量也更少。水罐主要用于家庭生活,但也用于祭祀仪式、净化仪式和其他仪式中。它们还被用作骨灰瓮,在一些纪念英雄或神灵而举行的比赛中,也偶尔充当获胜者的奖品。从公元前6世纪起,水罐的把手处开始出现男性人物、女性半身像、斯芬克斯、塞壬、胜利女神(尼姬)、狮子和公羊、马首、棕叶饰、涡卷饰、蓟叶等的装饰。伯罗奔尼撒半岛西北部的一个作坊出品的水罐,把手连接处会装饰简单但极具特色的实心或镂空常春藤叶。从公元前5世纪末起,特别是在公元前4世纪,人们喜欢在水罐垂直把手的下部连接处装饰人物和流行神话主题的精美浮雕。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Pitchers ( hydriae ) are large vases with three handles , two horizontal ones on the body and a vertical one extending from the rim to the shoulder . They were made in and metalronze pitchers were more expensive than clay ones and have been preserved in smaller numbers . Pitchers were mainly used for transporting liguids in domestic life , but also in sacrifices , purification rites and other rituals . They are also used as cinerary ums and more rarely as prizes awarded to the winners of contests held in honour of a hero or deity . From the 6th century B . C . onwards , the pitchers ' handles were decorated with cast male figures , female busts , figures of sphinxes , Sirens , Victory ( Nike ), lions and rams , horse protomes , palmettes , volutes , thistle leaves , etc . Simple , but characteristic ornaments were the solid or open - work ivy leaves that adorn the handle attachments of pitchers usually attributed to a workshop in the NW Peloponnese . From the end of the 5th and particularly in the 4th century B . C ., superb relief compositions with figures and popular mythological subjects decorate the lower attachment of the pitchers ' vertical handle</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">这件青铜器的精美程度,丝毫不逊色中国周朝的青铜器。表达的内容则与华夏文明大大不同。</span></p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">银桶</span></p><p class="ql-block">Silver bucket </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">来自塞萨利地区维莱斯蒂诺镇,皮拉夫特佩丘的马其顿墓葬公元前3世纪</span></p><p class="ql-block"> From the Macedonian tomb of Pilaf Tepe , at Velestino , Thessaly 3rd century B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAMA 12079</p> <p class="ql-block">银桶缺失的手柄与桶身的连接处,装饰着披着狮子皮的赫拉克勒斯浮雕头像。</p><p class="ql-block"> One of the attachments of the missing handles is decorated with a relief head of Herakles wearing a lion ' s pelt .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">银制芳香油瓶</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Silver alabastron </p><p class="ql-block">来自塞萨利地区卡尔季察的"帕拉约卡斯特罗秘藏"</p><p class="ql-block">公元前1世纪</p><p class="ql-block"> From the so - called " Palaiokastro Hoard ", Karditsa , Thessaly 1st century B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM Xp .946</p> <p class="ql-block">银制芳香油瓶</p><p class="ql-block"> Silver alabastron </p><p class="ql-block">来自塞萨利地区卡尔季察的"帕拉约卡斯特罗秘藏"</p><p class="ql-block">公元前1世纪</p><p class="ql-block"> From the so - called " Palaiokastro Hoard ", Karditsa , Thessaly 1st century B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM Xp .946</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">淡蓝绿色棱纹玻璃碗</span></p><p class="ql-block">Ribbed bowl of light bluish green glass </p><p class="ql-block">来源未知</p><p class="ql-block">公元前1世纪</p><p class="ql-block"> Unknown provenance </p><p class="ql-block">1st century B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 12522</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">这种类型的器皿在当时被用作仪式礼器或饮酒器具。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> This type of vessel was used for conducting ritual acts or as </p><p class="ql-block"> drinking vessel .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size:22px;">黑底红画陶迪诺斯罐 Red - figure dinos </span></p><p class="ql-block">来自雅典的圣道区域</p><p class="ql-block">由迪诺斯画师创作</p><p class="ql-block">公元前420一前410年</p><p class="ql-block"> From Athens , Area of lera Odos </p><p class="ql-block"> By the Dinos Painter </p><p class="ql-block">420-410 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 14500</p> <p class="ql-block">酒神狄俄尼索斯,在追随他的山和森林之灵萨提尔以及酒神狂女迈那得斯的陪同下,狂欢起舞。他的象征,即酒神权杖,在罐身的构图中占主导地位,宣告着神的全能,让所有不屈服于他的人陷入神圣的癫狂状态。罐身上的动物们则象征着这位葡萄酒之神(葡萄种植神)与大自然之间的原始联系。 The god Dionysus is accompanied by his troop of satyrs and Maenads , in ecstatic dance . Its symbol , the thyrsos , predominates in the representation , declaring the omnipotence of the god , who drives into sacred frenzy whoever does not surrender to him . Animals denote the primordial connection of the god of the vine with Nature .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">最美女神的角逐</span></p><p class="ql-block">The contest for th </p><p class="ql-block">最美丽的女神将获得奖品</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">希腊神话中的"帕里斯的裁决"也许是自古以来的第一次选美比赛,胜者的奖品是一颗写着"献给最美丽的女神"的金苹果。这次比美是不和女神厄里斯精心设计的诡计,她因未能收到珀琉斯和忒提斯婚礼的邀请而怀恨在心,成功让赫拉、雅典娜阿佛洛狄忒为金苹果争斗不休。特洛伊的帕里斯被宙斯任命为裁判,他最终选择了阿佛洛狄忒,只因为她承诺让帕里斯得到美丽的斯巴达王后海伦的爱。由此可见,美,一直都是最令人无法抗拒的礼物。</span></p> <p class="ql-block">卢浮宫/那不勒斯式的阿佛洛狄忒大理石小雕像</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"> Marble statuette of Aphrodite in the Louvre / Naples type </p><p class="ql-block">来自伯罗奔尼撒半岛,埃底道鲁斯的阿波罗﹣马利亚塔斯圣地公元1世纪上半叶。</p><p class="ql-block">薄的长袍紧贴着阿佛洛狄忒的身体,布料的起伏巧妙地勾勒出了女性特征。她手中握着一个苹果,暗示她曾参与了帕里斯的裁决。此类雕塑的原型始创于公元前420年左右。 A thin chiton clings to the body selectively highlighting the anatomical signs of her femininity . The apple that she holds implies her involvement in the Judgement of Paris . The original of the type was created around 420 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> From the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas in Epidaurus , Peloponnese First half of the 1st century A . D .</p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМГ1811</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">沉睡的厄洛斯大理石小雕像 Marble statuette of a sleeping Eros </span></p><p class="ql-block">来源未知</p><p class="ql-block">公元2世纪</p><p class="ql-block">分</p><p class="ql-block"> nown provenance </p><p class="ql-block">2nd century A . D .</p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМГ5753</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">爱神厄洛斯被刻画成一个小男孩,四肢圆润,睡在岩石上。厄洛斯中分的辫子表示他尚且年幼。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Eros is depicted as a little boy , with chubby limbs , sleeping on a rocky surface . The braid along the central parting refers to his young age .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">阿提卡黑底红画陶护腿</span></p><p class="ql-block">Attic red - figure epinetron </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">来自埃维亚岛的埃雷特里亚</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">由克利俄画师创作</span></p><p class="ql-block">公元前440一前430年</p><p class="ql-block"> From Eretria , Euobea island </p><p class="ql-block"> By the Clio Painter </p><p class="ql-block">440-430 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM A 2383</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">这种护腿是典型的女性配饰。女性会在纺纱时将木制的护腿放在大腿上以辅助工作。这件装饰精美的陶制护腿可能是一件祈求神佑的供品,其上描绘了一处女性活动的区域,并精细刻画了其中几位女性的活动。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> The epinetron was a typical female accessory . Women placed plain wooden epinetra on top of their thigh , to facilitate them while they were spinning wool . This vessel decorated with scenes from the women ' s quarters , depicting their activity , was probably a votive offering seeking for protection .</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size:22px;">金头冠</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Golden Diadem </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">来自塞萨利地区的"德米特里亚斯宝藏"</span></p><p class="ql-block">公元前325一前300年</p><p class="ql-block"> From the so - called " Demetrias Treasure ", Thessaly </p><p class="ql-block">325-300 B . C .</p><p class="ql-block"> HNAM Σ T .339</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">这件金头冠由形成藤蔓涡卷形状的螺旋金丝制成。中央部分装饰有赫拉克勒斯结和一个带翅膀的爱神厄洛斯。从结上垂下的是两条由三根金链构成的流苏,下方缀有石榴形状的坠饰。这件美丽的珠宝是一件随葬品,女主人曾头戴着它去往另一个世界。</span></p><p class="ql-block"> It is made of a spiral wire , shaping tendril scrolls . The Herakles knot decorates the central section with a winged Eros . Hanging from the knot are two tassels of three chains bearing schematic pomegranate pendants . This beautiful jewel adorned a woman ' s head and followed her to death .</p> <p class="ql-block">这件珍宝在防弹玻璃内。照片中的人物塑像是玻璃的反射。</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">卡皮托利尼式</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:22px; color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">阿佛洛狄忒雕像</span></p><p class="ql-block"> Statue of Aphrodite in the Capitolini type </p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(237, 35, 8);">来自原亚历山德罗斯.约拉斯收藏</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(22, 126, 251);">罗马时代的作品,经历了古代和现代的多次修复</span></p><p class="ql-block"> From the former Alexandros lolas Collection </p><p class="ql-block"> A work of Roman times with numerous ancient and </p><p class="ql-block"> moderm restorations </p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">Н N АМГ16151普拉克西特列斯( Praxiteles ,公元前370-330年)是公元前4世纪阿提卡最知名的雕塑家,也是希腊最具独创性的艺术家之一。普拉克西特列斯是第一个雕刻真人大小裸体女性雕塑的人。他将其前辈作品中冷漠、威严的风格转变为温文尔雅、感性迷人的风格,对后来希腊雕塑的发展产生了深远的影响。</p><p class="ql-block"> Praxiteles was the most renowned sculptor in Attica in the 4th century B . C . and one of the most innovative artists in Greece . He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life - size statue . He also transformed the majestic style in the works of his predecessors into a gentle , sensual and charming style , which had a profound impact on the development of later Greek sculpture .</p><p class="ql-block">这座雕像复刻于一件希腊化时代的作品(其原作被认为是普拉克西特列斯的《克尼多斯的阿佛洛狄忒》),由普拉克西特列斯的小儿子凯菲索托多斯于公元前300年左右所作。女神全身赤裸,发式繁复,双手羞涩地遮掩着胸部和下身。普拉克西特列斯的女性裸体范本因此而变得更为世俗和自然。这件雕塑在经过长期的清洁与保护工作,包括修复件内部组装方式的 X 光检测后,首次在希腊境外向公众展出。</p><p class="ql-block"> The statue follows a Hellenistic version of the Cnidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles , assigned to his son , Cephisodotus the Younger and dated around 300 B . C . The goddess is depicted totally nude , with an elaborate headdress , covering prudishly with the hands her breasts and genitals . The Praxitelean model of female nudity has become more earthly and naturalistic . The statue is presented to the public outside Greece for the first time , after long cleaning and conservation works including the radiography of the internal assembly mode of the restorations .</p>