<p class="ql-block">瓷器是中国人民的伟大发明，千百年来一直浓缩和传承着中华民族的杰出智慧和创新精神。</p><p class="ql-block">瓷器起源于东汉时期，历经魏晋、隋唐、宋元瓷业的发展后，于明清时期达到鼎盛。明代起，江西景德镇跃升为“天下窑器所集”之瓷都，品种、产量、销路均超过以往任何一个时期。青花瓷器经元代短暂的繁荣后，在明代得以创新和推广，成为全国瓷器生产的主流；以成化斗彩为代表的彩瓷、永乐宣德时期的铜红釉和其他颜色釉瓷器，技术高妙、气韵雅静，是我国制瓷史上的空前杰作。清代，特别是康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝，制瓷业达到了历史最高峰，所制瓷器以精妙严谨著称，且“行于九域，施及外洋”。除沿袭前代的制瓷工艺外，新创的珐琅彩、粉彩等瓷器，美轮美奂，为中国瓷器艺术增添了异彩。</p><p class="ql-block">明清瓷器，集中国古代工艺之大成，忠实地记录了瓷工们的不朽功绩，也折射出了创作它们的时代的特有光辉。</p> <p class="ql-block">青花云龙纹天球瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white globular vase</p><p class="ql-block">with cloud-dragon</p><p class="ql-block">明 宣德</p><p class="ql-block">Xuande reign, Ming dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">辽宁省文物总店藏</p><p class="ql-block">In the collections of the Liaoning Provincial</p><p class="ql-block">Cultural Artifacts Store</p> <p class="ql-block">宝石红釉盘</p><p class="ql-block">Plate with ruby-red glaze</p><p class="ql-block">明 宣德</p><p class="ql-block">Xuande reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物纹尊</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Zun</p><p class="ql-block">with human figures</p><p class="ql-block">明 崇祯</p><p class="ql-block">Chongzhen reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花花鸟纹花觚</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white vase with</p><p class="ql-block">flowers and birds</p><p class="ql-block">明 崇祯</p><p class="ql-block">Chongzhen reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花洗口云龙纹双耳尊</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white zun with handles</p><p class="ql-block">and cloud dragon decoration</p><p class="ql-block">清 顺治</p><p class="ql-block">Shunzhi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花五彩人物纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Famille verte bowl with</p><p class="ql-block">human figures</p><p class="ql-block">清 顺治</p><p class="ql-block">Shunzhi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花绶带纹菱口盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white bracket-lobed plate</p><p class="ql-block">with birds decoration</p><p class="ql-block">明 永乐</p><p class="ql-block">Yongle reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花海水葡萄纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white plate with ocean</p><p class="ql-block">waves and grapes</p><p class="ql-block">明 永乐</p><p class="ql-block">Yongle reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花蔬果纹执壶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white ewer with</p><p class="ql-block">vegetables and fruits</p><p class="ql-block">明 宣德</p><p class="ql-block">Xuande reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物纹盖罐</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white jar with lid</p><p class="ql-block">and human figures</p><p class="ql-block">明 天启</p><p class="ql-block">Tianqi reign, Ming dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">0117</p> <p class="ql-block">五彩人物纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Famille verte bowl with</p><p class="ql-block">human figures</p><p class="ql-block">崇祯</p><p class="ql-block">Chongzhen reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">釉里红四季花卉纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Plate with flowers in four seasons, </p><p class="ql-block">porcelain with underglaze red</p><p class="ql-block">明 洪武</p><p class="ql-block">Hongwu reign, Ming dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">0101</p> <p class="ql-block">釉里红缠枝花卉纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Bowl with entangled floral branches, </p><p class="ql-block">porcelain with underglaze red</p><p class="ql-block">明 洪武</p><p class="ql-block">Hongwu reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">釉里红缠枝花卉纹盏托</p><p class="ql-block">ucer with entangled floral branches, </p><p class="ql-block">porcelain with underglaze red</p><p class="ql-block">明 洪武</p><p class="ql-block">Hongwu reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">甜白瓷盘</p><p class="ql-block">Sweet-white plate</p><p class="ql-block">明 永乐</p><p class="ql-block">Yongle reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">甜白瓷暗花鸡心碗</p><p class="ql-block">Sweet-white bowl with</p><p class="ql-block">anhua molded decorations</p><p class="ql-block">明宣德</p><p class="ql-block">Xuande reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">甜白瓷暗花碗</p><p class="ql-block">Sweet-white bowl with anhua</p><p class="ql-block">molded decorations</p><p class="ql-block">明 永乐</p><p class="ql-block">Yongle reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄釉青花栀子花纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed blue-and-white plate</p><p class="ql-block">with Zhizi (Cape jasmine) flowers</p><p class="ql-block">明 正德</p><p class="ql-block">Zhengde reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">素三彩缠枝莲纹双螭耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Su Sancai vase with double Chi handles and</p><p class="ql-block">entangled branches and lotus flowers</p><p class="ql-block">明 正德</p><p class="ql-block">Zhengde reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">康熙青花</p><p class="ql-block">康熙青花以胎釉精细、色泽鲜艳、纹饰优美而负盛名。早期青花主要使用浙料，呈色蓝中泛灰，与顺治青花特点相近。中期青花使用云南地区的珠明料，烧成后的色泽湛蓝清丽，因其蓝如孔雀尾羽，亦有“翠毛蓝”之称。所用青料有“头浓、正浓、二浓、正淡、影淡”五种色阶，运笔则达到了得心应手的程度，甚至在一笔一画之中亦能变化出强弱不同的笔韵。晚期青花色调趋于淡雅，发色有晕散现象。后世有“砚彩（五彩人 青花均以康熙为极轨”之说。</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Porcelain of the</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物纹三足炉</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white three-legged burner</p><p class="ql-block">with human figures</p><p class="ql-block">明 弘治</p><p class="ql-block">Hongzhi reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花花卉纹高足杯</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white stem cup wit</p><p class="ql-block">floral design</p><p class="ql-block">明 弘治</p><p class="ql-block">Hongzhi reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花云鹤纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white plate with</p><p class="ql-block">cranes in cloud</p><p class="ql-block">明 嘉靖</p><p class="ql-block">Jiajing reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花婴戏纹高足碗</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white stem cup with</p><p class="ql-block">scene of children at play</p><p class="ql-block">明 嘉靖</p><p class="ql-block">Jiajing reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花缠枝莲纹梅瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white prunus vase with</p><p class="ql-block">entangled branches and lotus flowers</p><p class="ql-block">明 正德</p><p class="ql-block">Zhengde reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花云龙纹葫芦瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white gourd-shaped bottle</p><p class="ql-block">with cloud dragon</p><p class="ql-block">明 万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花龙凤纹盖盒</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white box with dragon</p><p class="ql-block">and phoenix design</p><p class="ql-block">明 万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花婴戏纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">3lue-and-white plate with</p><p class="ql-block">scene of children at play</p><p class="ql-block">明 万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white plate with</p><p class="ql-block">human characters</p><p class="ql-block">明 万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物纹罐</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white jar with human</p><p class="ql-block">figures</p><p class="ql-block">明 万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">五彩云龙纹盖罐</p><p class="ql-block">Famille verte jars and covers</p><p class="ql-block">with cloud-dragon</p><p class="ql-block">明 万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">红绿彩人物纹诸葛碗</p><p class="ql-block">Red-and-green glazed Zhuge bowl</p><p class="ql-block">with human figures</p><p class="ql-block">明 嘉靖</p><p class="ql-block">Jiajing reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">五彩麒凤纹螭耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille verte bottle with chi -dragon</p><p class="ql-block">(hornless) handles and decorations of</p><p class="ql-block">qinlin and phoenix</p><p class="ql-block">明 万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli reign, Ming dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">转变期瓷器</p><p class="ql-block">从明代万历三十五年(1607)到清代康熙中期（约 1676-1700)，景德镇的瓷器制造业经历了一次重大转变，官窑急剧衰落，民营瓷业因海内外市场需求的刺激而跃居主导地位。青花瓷器是这个时期最具代表性的品种，在瓷画方面逐渐摒弃了官窑蓝本，有效借鉴了同时期的版画艺术。具体作画时采用“分水技法”，按画面需要将钴料调配出多种深浅不同的料水，使烧成后的瓷器纹样呈现出浓淡相宜的色调，形成了层次分明、疏丽雅致的视觉效果。因这一时期景德镇瓷器兼具明未和清初两朝风格，故被称为“转变期或转型期瓷器”。</p> <p class="ql-block">青花五彩人物纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Famille verte bowl with</p><p class="ql-block">human figures</p><p class="ql-block">清 顺治</p><p class="ql-block">Shunzhi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">乾隆青花</p><p class="ql-block">清代乾隆一朝持续六十年，青花瓷器仍然是景德镇瓷业的主流产品，其烧造量超过了历史上任何一个时期，烧制技术也取得了前所未有的成就。与清幽的康熙青花有别，又和淡雅的雍正青花不同，典型乾隆青花以纹饰繁密、染画工整、造型新奇取胜。此时的青花发色也因选料加工的差异而略有不同，早期青花呈色不够稳定，蓝色略显晕散；中期逐渐形成湛蓝明快的色调，具有“稳定、浑厚、沉着”的特征；晚期趋向浓重沉闷，失去了清丽明快的效果。</p> <p class="ql-block">青花八仙纹香炉</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white incense-burner</p><p class="ql-block">with the Eight Taoist Immortals</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花莲纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white plate with</p><p class="ql-block">lotus pattern</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花鹤鹿同春纹凤尾尊</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white vase with wide trumpet</p><p class="ql-block">mouth and crane and deer decoration</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花丛竹纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white bowls with</p><p class="ql-block">bamboo pattern</p><p class="ql-block">清雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花龙纹罐</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white jar with dragons</p><p class="ql-block">清 雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄地青花缠枝花卉纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed blue-and-white plate with</p><p class="ql-block">entangled branches and flowers</p><p class="ql-block">清 雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花芭蕉竹石纹玉壶春瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Yu hu chun bottle with</p><p class="ql-block">plantain, bamboo and stones</p><p class="ql-block">清 雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花勾莲纹贯耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white bottle with tubular handles</p><p class="ql-block">in entangled lotus design</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花缠枝莲纹六连瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white vase with six separate</p><p class="ql-block">mouths with entangled lotus</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花云雷纹双环耳豆</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white vessel with ring handles</p><p class="ql-block">and cloud and thunder patterns</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花云鹤纹爵杯</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white wine goblets with</p><p class="ql-block">cranes in cloud</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花八吉祥纹盉式壶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white he -shaped pot with</p><p class="ql-block">the Eight Treasures</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">康熙五彩</p><p class="ql-block">原熙时期，五彩瓷器烧造工艺进一步成熟，所用彩料比明代更为丰富，其最大特点是创造性运用了轴上蓝彩和黑彩，形成了红、绿、黄、黑、赭、蓝等多种彩色的巧妙搭配。由于彩料中加人了蓝和黑等深色调，使瓷画的色彩对比更加和谐沉稳。在瓷画方面，康熙五彩改变了明代嘉銷、万历时期的粗率画风，施彩均匀细致，线条劲挺流畅，笔触圆润柔和，使画面愈加工致精丽，生动传神。康熙五彩题材丰富多样，最具代表性的纹饰有仕女和戏曲人物等。</p><p class="ql-block">Famille Verte Porcelain in the Kangxi</p> <p class="ql-block">五彩双狮纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Famille verte plate with</p><p class="ql-block">a pair of lions</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">五彩云龙纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white famille verte bowl</p><p class="ql-block">with cloud dragon</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花五彩鱼藻纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white famille verte plate with</p><p class="ql-block">fish and water plants</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">康熙、雍正、乾隆釉里红</p><p class="ql-block">釉里红是用含铜的矿物作为彩料，在高温还原气氛中烧成的釉下彩瓷器。它的烧成对窑室中气氛要求十分严格，烧成难度大，成品率低。釉里红创烧于元代景德镇窑，明中期以后走向衰落。清康熙时期，皇帝本人非常重视这一名贵品种，在其督促下，景德镇再次烧制成功，并取得了卓越成就。雍正釉里红瓷器更趋精进，不仅色泽鲜红，而且成品率极高。乾隆时期，釉里红继续保留前朝遗韵，呈色稳定，色泽鲜艳。清中期之后此工艺日趋衰退，逐渐被矾红彩代替</p> <p class="ql-block">青花釉里红八仙纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white bowl with the</p><p class="ql-block">Eight Daoist Immortals, porcelain</p><p class="ql-block">with underglaze red</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">釉里红云龙纹盖罐</p><p class="ql-block">Jar and cover with red cloud-dragons, </p><p class="ql-block">porcelain with underglaze red</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">釉里红团螭纹葫芦瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Gourd-shaped bottle with coiled</p><p class="ql-block">chi-dragons in underglaze red</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">嘉靖、万历五彩</p><p class="ql-block">五彩是瓷器彩绘技法之一，可分为青花五彩和纯釉上五彩两种。其帅上彩料多为透明色，采用单线平涂技法绘画，故图案无浓淡深浅的层次变化。明代五彩始烧于宣德时期，嘉睛、隆庆、万历三朝颇为流行。典型的露踏五彩多以红、淡绿、黄、褐、紫及釉下蓝彩堆成，呈现出红浓翠艳、热烈华丽的视觉效果。万历五彩除采用传统的绘、染、填、点、堆贴等装饰手法外，亦发明了五彩和锁空相结合的工艺，所制产品图案繁密，尤其突出红彩，显得俗艳刺目，世称“大明彩”。</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩婴戏纹双耳尊</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose Zun with handles and</p><p class="ql-block">design of children at play</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">D</p><p class="ql-block">0134</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩婴戏纹双耳尊</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose Zun with handles and</p><p class="ql-block">design of children at play</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">D</p><p class="ql-block">0134</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩鹤鹿同春纹螭耳扁壶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose flask with cranes and deer</p><p class="ql-block">and chi-dragon shaped handles</p><p class="ql-block">清 嘉庆</p><p class="ql-block">Jiaqing reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">0135</p> <p class="ql-block">珐琅彩牡丹纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Enamel bowl with peonies</p><p class="ql-block">清 雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩</p><p class="ql-block">粉彩是清代康熙末期创烧的低温釉上彩瓷器，是由珐琅彩衍生而成的一个新品种。其工序是先在高温烧成的白瓷上用墨线起稿，在图案内添上一层可作熔剂亦可做白彩的玻璃白，再将所用彩料调匀，于玻璃白上进行描绘，最后入彩炉烘烧而成。因以粉彩所表现的物像柔和粉润，粉彩又有“软彩”之称。雍正时期，景德镇御窑厂大量烧制粉彩器，并影响到民窑，官窑粉彩多以白釉为地，胎体轻薄剔透，纹饰精妙人微。乾隆粉彩改变了以往渲染手法，花朵大多勾茎，风格趋向繁缛。</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩龙凤穿花纹瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose vases with a pair of dragon</p><p class="ql-block">and phoenix amid flowers</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">D</p><p class="ql-block">0130</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩堆贴螭龙纹瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose bottle with a</p><p class="ql-block">moulded chi-dragon</p><p class="ql-block">清嘉庆</p><p class="ql-block">Jiaqing reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩双喜纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose bowl with a pair of</p><p class="ql-block">the characters Xi</p><p class="ql-block">道光</p><p class="ql-block">Daoguang reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩花式吸杯</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose flower-shaped cups</p><p class="ql-block">with a hollow handle used as a straw</p><p class="ql-block">清光绪</p><p class="ql-block">Guangxu reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩百花尊</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose vases with</p><p class="ql-block">flowers in full bloom</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">0131</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩什锦汤匙</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose soup spoons</p><p class="ql-block">with decorations</p><p class="ql-block">西研</p><p class="ql-block">同治</p><p class="ql-block">Tongzhi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩缠枝蕃莲纹葫芦形壁瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose gourd-shaped wall vase</p><p class="ql-block">entangled branches and Indian lotus</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩四季花卉纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose bowls with flowers</p><p class="ql-block">of the four seasons</p><p class="ql-block">清 道光</p><p class="ql-block">Daoguang reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩花卉纹瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose vase with flowers</p><p class="ql-block">清 光绪</p><p class="ql-block">Guangxu reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">斗彩瓷器</p><p class="ql-block">斗彩是釉下青花和釉上彩相结合的一种彩瓷装饰工艺。用青花在胎上勾勒出完整的纹饰轮廓，然后罩以透明釉入窑高温烧成，再在釉上蓝色的轮廓线内填画各种彩料构成完整图案，最后入彩炉低温二次烧成。斗彩瓷器成熟于明成化时期，当时所选色料有鲜红、油红、娇黄、鹅黄、深绿、松绿、孔雀蓝等。清雍正时期，斗彩瓷器的纹饰布局、色彩配合及填彩技法均有卓然成就。乾隆以后，此种工艺依然盛行，但其秀丽淡雅不及雍正，晚期则日渐衰落。</p> <p class="ql-block">斗彩蟠螭纹尊</p><p class="ql-block">Doucai Zun-shaped vases with</p><p class="ql-block">coiled dragons design</p><p class="ql-block">清 雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">斗彩梵文高足碗</p><p class="ql-block">Doucai stem cups with sanskrit</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">斗彩缠枝蕃莲八吉祥纹花觚</p><p class="ql-block">Doucai vase with entangled branches, </p><p class="ql-block">Indian lotus, and eight auspicious</p><p class="ql-block">decorations</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">斗彩蕃莲纹双耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Doucai bottle with handles and</p><p class="ql-block">decoration of Indian lotus blossom</p><p class="ql-block">乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">斗彩莲池鸳鸯纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Doucai bowl with mandarin ducks</p><p class="ql-block">on lotus pond</p><p class="ql-block">清 道光</p><p class="ql-block">Daoguang reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">矾红彩瓷器</p><p class="ql-block">矾红彩是以氧化铁为着色剂，用青矾煅烧原料，加入一定量的铅粉为助熔剂，牛胶做粘合剂，用平涂法涂抹在白釉瓷器上的低温种上彩瓷，亦称“铁红”或“抹红”。矾红的色泽通常呈橙红色，或呈枣红色，是中国传统的彩绘颜料。其色调与彩料细度、烘烤温度、烘烤时间均有密切关系。清代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝的矾红彩，主要在精致的白瓷上作画，彩料加工精细考究，窑温控制得心应手，所烧器物红白两色相互映衬，明丽鲜艳，装饰效果强烈。</p><p class="ql-block">Porcelain with Overglaze Iron-red</p> <p class="ql-block">白釉矾红彩福寿纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">White-glazed plate with decorations in</p><p class="ql-block">overglaze iron-red enamel to celebrate</p><p class="ql-block">prosperity and longevity</p><p class="ql-block">清 雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">0139</p> <p class="ql-block">白釉矾红彩云凤纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Vhite-glazed bowls with cloud-phoenix</p><p class="ql-block">lecorated in overglaze iron-red enamel</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">白釉矾红彩蕃莲纹甘露瓶</p><p class="ql-block">White-glazed bottle with Indian lotus</p><p class="ql-block">blossom decorated in overglaze</p><p class="ql-block">iron-red enamel</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">白釉矾红彩龙纹高足盖碗</p><p class="ql-block">White-glazed stem cup and cover</p><p class="ql-block">with dragons decorated in overglaze</p><p class="ql-block">iron-red enamel</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩百子纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose bowl with children at plk</p><p class="ql-block">清 嘉庆</p><p class="ql-block">Jiaqing reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄地粉彩花卉纹餐具</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed Famille rose tablewares</p><p class="ql-block">with flowers</p><p class="ql-block">清 光绪</p><p class="ql-block">Guanxu reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩花蝶纹玉壶春瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille rose Yu Hu Chun vase with</p><p class="ql-block">flowers and butterflies</p><p class="ql-block">清 宣统</p><p class="ql-block">Xuantong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">康熙素三彩</p><p class="ql-block">康熙时期，素三彩有了进一步的发展，它的彩色除了黄、绿、紫外，增加了当时特有的蓝彩，加彩方法也更为丰富多样。展品黄地素三彩双龙纹盘是在白釉瓷器上涂黄色底釉，再施绿、紫等素彩画出龙纹，白彩用于点缀器壁上的花卉纹饰。花蝶纹碗是在素胎上刻出云龙纹，直接加绿、淡绿、黄、紫彩绘出花卉，罩上一层雪白粉料，低温烧成。虎皮斑纹碗则用黄、绿、紫三色彩釉晕染成不规则的斑块，相互交融，酷似虎皮，俗称“虎皮斑”或“虎皮三彩”。</p> <p class="ql-block">黄地素三彩双龙纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Su sancaiyellow-glazed plate</p><p class="ql-block">with pair of dragons</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">0141</p> <p class="ql-block">素三彩虎皮斑纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Su sancai bowls with tiger skin decoration</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">清宫帝后用瓷</p><p class="ql-block">清代景德镇御窑厂每年为宫廷烧制数额巨大的日用瓷器。在祭祀、宴饮等正式场合，因使用者身份和地位不同，清宫对瓷器的色泽、数量和纹样均有严格定制。据《钦定四库全书》史部·国朝宫史卷十七所述，皇帝可以无限额的使用里外皆为明黄釉的瓷器，皇太后和皇后均可使用纯黄釉瓷器，但每年的份额有严格限定，皇贵妃只能使用里白外黄的瓷器，贵妃使用黄地绿龙瓷器，嫔使用蓝地黄龙瓷器，贵人使用绿地紫龙瓷器，常在使用五彩红龙瓷器，地位最低的答应则使用各式杂釉瓷器。</p> <p class="ql-block">黄釉莲瓣形盘</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed plate in lotus shape</p><p class="ql-block">清 雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄釉暗花团凤纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed bowls with coiled phoenixes</p><p class="ql-block">and anhua molded decoration</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄地绿团龙纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed bowl with</p><p class="ql-block">green-enameled coiled dragons</p><p class="ql-block">清雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄地绿龙纹花式碟</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed dish in petal shape</p><p class="ql-block">with green-enameled dragon</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">蓝地黄云龙纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-glazed plate with</p><p class="ql-block">yellow-enameled cloud dragon</p><p class="ql-block">清 乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄地青花云龙福寿纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-glazed bowis with cloud dragon in</p><p class="ql-block">underglaze blue to celebrate prosperity</p><p class="ql-block">and longevity</p><p class="ql-block">清 康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi reign, Qing dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">结束语</p><p class="ql-block">明清瓷器不仅在中国陶瓷史上占有重要地位，也对世界陶瓷艺术的发展产生了深远影响。明清时期的瓷器是中国陶瓷史上的高峰，具有鲜明的时代特色和艺术风格。 </p><p class="ql-block">青花瓷：明代青花瓷以其色泽鲜艳、图案丰富而著称。特别是永乐、宣德年间的青花瓷，以其“苏麻青”料，呈现出深邃的蓝色和晕散的效果。</p><p class="ql-block"> 彩瓷：明代彩瓷工艺发展迅速，尤其是五彩瓷和斗彩瓷。五彩瓷色彩丰富，斗彩瓷则以釉下青花与釉上彩相结合的方式，创造出独特的视觉效果。</p><p class="ql-block"> 釉里红：釉里红是明代瓷器的一种装饰技法，通过在釉下绘红色图案，烧制后呈现出红色效果。</p><p class="ql-block"> 粉彩瓷：清代康熙年间开始出现，以柔和的色彩和精细的绘画著称，是清代瓷器的一大特色。</p><p class="ql-block">珐琅彩：清代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝的珐琅彩瓷器，以其精细的绘画和华丽的装饰而闻名，是清代瓷器中的珍品。</p><p class="ql-block">单色釉：明清时期，单色釉瓷器也得到了发展，如祭红、祭蓝、甜白等，以其纯净的色彩和釉质的温润而受到喜爱。</p><p class="ql-block">器型多样：明清瓷器的器型更加丰富多样，既有传统的瓶、罐、碗、盘，也有创新的器型，如笔筒、花觚、香炉等。</p><p class="ql-block">纹饰丰富：明清瓷器的纹饰题材广泛，包括人物、动物、植物、山水、吉祥图案等，且绘画技法更加精细。</p><p class="ql-block">官窑与民窑：明清时期，官窑瓷器与民窑瓷器并存，官窑瓷器以其精美的工艺和严格的质量控制而著称，而民窑瓷器则以其多样化和生活化的特点受到欢迎。</p><p class="ql-block">外销瓷：明清时期，中国瓷器大量出口到欧洲和亚洲其他国家，这些外销瓷往往结合了中国和外国的文化元素，形成了独特的风格。</p>