<p class="ql-block"> “见树不见村，进村不见房，入户不见门，闻声不见人”是陕州地坑院的真实写照，据说已有4000多年的历史。</p><p class="ql-block"> 陕州地坑院民俗文化园位于河南省三门峡市陕州区张汴乡北营村，是全国唯一的地下古民居建筑文化园。陕州地坑院被誉为“地平线下古村落，民居史上活化石”，入选河南省第一批优秀农耕文化遗产，2011年“地坑院营造技艺”入选国家级非物质文化遗产名录。</p><p class="ql-block"> 陕塬独特的黄土层为建造地坑院提供了得天独厚的条件。沟壑纵横的陕州张汴、张村、东凡三道塬上，如今仍有近百个村落，数以万计的地坑院，目前仍有3万多村民居住在地坑院内。从空中鸟瞰，一个个地坑院犹如雕刻在大地上的一个个回家的“回”字，因院落布局与北京四合院相似度高，被称为北方的“地下四合院”。</p><p class="ql-block"> 第一张地坑院照片是由一名外国人拍摄的。1933年，欧亚航空公司的飞行员乌尔夫.迪特.格拉夫.楚.卡斯特从洛阳飞往西安的途中航拍了第一张地坑院照片。1964年，美国建筑师、作家伯纳德.鲁道夫斯基举办的“没有建筑师的建筑”展览时，选用了卡斯特拍摄的地坑院的照片，并出版了《没有建筑师的建筑：简明非正统建筑导论》一书，让地坑院首次展现在世界面前，并跻身于世界乡土建筑之列，他称这些与时尚无关的建筑近乎永恒，无可改进，以至于达到至善至美。</p> <p class="ql-block">译文:</p><p class="ql-block">"I can't see the village when I see the trees, I don't see the house when I enter the village, I don't see the door when I enter the house, and I don't see the people when I hear the sound" is a true portrayal of the pit courtyard in Shaanzhou, which is said to have a history of more than 4,000 years.</p><p class="ql-block">Shaanzhou Dikengyuan Folk Culture Park is located in Beiying Village, Zhangbian Township, Shaanzhou District, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, and is the only underground ancient residential building cultural park in the country. Shaanzhou Dikeng Courtyard is known as "an ancient village under the horizon, a living fossil in the history of folk dwellings", and was selected as the first batch of outstanding agricultural cultural heritage in Henan Province, and in 2011, "Dikeng Courtyard Construction Technique" was selected into the national intangible cultural heritage list.</p><p class="ql-block">The unique loess layer of Shaanxi Plateau provides unique conditions for the construction of pit courtyards. There are still nearly 100 villages and tens of thousands of pit courtyards in Shaanzhou, and more than 30,000 villagers still live in the pit courtyards. From a bird's-eye view from the air, the pit courtyard is like the word "Hui" carved on the earth, because the courtyard layout is highly similar to the Beijing courtyard, it is called the "underground courtyard" in the north.</p><p class="ql-block">The first photo of the pit courtyard was taken by a foreigner. In 1933, the pilot of Eurasian Airlines, Ulf . Dieter. Graff. Clear. On his way from Luoyang to Xi'an, Karst took his first aerial photo of the pit yard. In 1964, the United States architect and writer Bernard . Rudolfsky's exhibition "Architecture Without Architects" selected photographs of pit courtyards taken by Custer and published the book "Architecture Without Architects: An Introduction to Concise Unorthodox Architecture", which brought pit courtyards to the world for the first time and ranked among the world's vernacular architecture, which he described as almost timeless and incommensurate to perfection.</p>