青岛博物馆藏品(二)

胡亚玲

<p class="ql-block">青花云鹤纹罐</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Jar with Cranes and Clouds</p><p class="ql-block">明万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli Reign (1573 - 1619), Ming Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">明代 青花瓷器</p><p class="ql-block">明代官窑青花瓷器造型古朴庄重,纹饰富贵华丽,形成了官廷艺术固有的、象征皇权至尊的艺术风格。同时,民窑产品的品质也随之提高,大批纹饰飘逸潇酒、呈色清新优雅、可与官窑媲美的青花瓷器进贡朝廷,销往海内外。</p><p class="ql-block">由于明代青花瓷器所用钴料和绘画题材、笔法的不同,各时期的青花瓷器往往各具特色,呈现出千姿百态之状。明早期使用的进口料“苏麻离青”发色凝重幽艳,青料浓厚处有似铁锈的斑点,以永乐、宣德时期为代表;明中期使用国产料“平等青”,发色浅淡秀雅,以成化、弘治时期为代表;明晚期使用“回青”,色泽又趋鲜艳,且蓝中泛紫,以嘉靖、万历时期为代表;明末时期,使用“珠明料”,一改浓艳清淡,以天启、崇祯时期为代表。</p> <p class="ql-block">飘逸淡雅青花瓷。</p><p class="ql-block">青花山水人物纹大罐</p><p class="ql-block">明正统一天顺</p> <p class="ql-block">青花飞禽莲池纹缸</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Vat with Birds and a Lotus Pond</p><p class="ql-block">明万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli Reign (1573 - 1619), Ming Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">缸腹所绘纹饰为人们喜闻乐见的飞禽莲池图,这种“池塘小景”即古代文献中所记载织绣品上的“满池娇”纹样。</p><p class="ql-block">早在南宋吴自牧撰《梦梁录》卷十三</p><p class="ql-block">“夜市”条中记载,当时临安夜市夏秋售卖的物品中就有“挑纱荷花满池娇背心”。</p><p class="ql-block">元代画家柯九思《官词十五首》中日:“观莲太液泛兰桡,翡翠鸳鸯戏碧苕。说与小娃牢记取,御衫绣作满池娇。”柯氏自注云:“天历间,御衣多 池塘小景,名日‘满池娇’。”</p><p class="ql-block">飘逸淡雅青花瓷.</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Bowl with Figures</p><p class="ql-block">明万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli Reign (1573 - 1619), Ming </p><p class="ql-block">碗外壁所绘纹饰为“老子出关”图。</p><p class="ql-block">其描述的正是老子骑青牛西出函谷关往秦国传道,后着书《道德经》的故事。西汉刘向《列仙传》中对此有所记载:“后周德衰,乃乘青牛车去。入大秦,过西关。”关令尹喜待而迎之,知真人也。乃强使著书,作《道德经》上下二卷。</p> <p class="ql-block">青花花卉纹瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Vase with Flowers</p><p class="ql-block">明天启</p><p class="ql-block">Tiangi Reign (1621 - 1627), Ming Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花缠枝莲纹钵</p><p class="ql-block">明弘治</p> <p class="ql-block">青花龙穿花纹高足碗</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white High-footed Bowl with Design of Dragon Flying among Flowers</p><p class="ql-block">明正德</p><p class="ql-block">Zhengde Reign (1506 - 1521), Ming Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">清代 青花</p><p class="ql-block">清代的瓷器生产工艺不断创新,青花采用珠明料、浙料等。绘画技法借鉴中国水墨画分水皴染和西洋画的透视技法,所绘山水人物层次分明、栩栩如生。特别是康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝的青花瓷以其新颖的造型,华丽的装饰纹样,青翠雅洁的料色,风格各异的款式登上了清代青花制瓷高峰。</p> <p class="ql-block">青花缠枝莲纹赏瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Ornamcatal Vase with Lotus</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianiona Rcin 01736 - 1795). Quna Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">“天上聖母娘娘坐前”</p><p class="ql-block">青花龙凤牡丹纹双耳大瓶</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p> <p class="ql-block">青花缠枝莲纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Plate with Lotus</p><p class="ql-block">清道光</p><p class="ql-block">Daoguang Reign (1821 - 1850), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花缠枝莲托八宝纹三足炉</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Tripod Burner with Design of Lotus and Eight Treasures</p><p class="ql-block">清嘉庆</p><p class="ql-block">Jiaqing Reign (1796 - 1820), Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">八宝纹亦称“八吉祥纹”,是典型的宗教纹样之一,特指佛家常用象征吉祥的八件宝物为题材的纹饰。八吉祥物为:法轮、法螺、宝伞、白盖、莲花、宝瓶、金鱼、盘长结。八宝纹始见于元代,流行于元、明、清,常与莲花组合,作折枝莲或缠枝莲托起八宝的构图。</p><p class="ql-block">飘逸淡雅青花瓷。</p> <p class="ql-block">清雍正、乾隆、嘉庆三朝所仿明代永乐、宣德、成化等朝青花瓷器,造型和纹饰逼肖原型;颇具匠心。清代仿永乐、宣德朝青花瓷器,纹饰上的“铁锈斑”为人工点染,并非青料自然形成的铁锈斑。</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物纹笔筒</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Brush Pot with Figures</p><p class="ql-block">清康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi Reign (1662 - 1722), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花缠枝莲纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Bowl with Lotus Sprays</p><p class="ql-block">清康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi Reign (1662 - 1722), Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">大明宣德年制“寄托款”</p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">清康熙青花魁星竹梅纹笔筒</span></p><p class="ql-block">康熙时期制瓷工匠将明崇祯以来的青花“分水”画法推向极致,所绘纹饰富有浓淡深浅的层次变化,具有中国画“墨分五色”的效果。康熙时期青花瓷器造型挺拔,釉面莹亮,青花发色明翠,被推为清代青花瓷器之冠。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">青花麒麟纹大盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Plate with Kylin Design</p><p class="ql-block">清顺治</p><p class="ql-block">Shunzhi Reign (1644 - 1661), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花人物万寿宁纹盖罐</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Covered Jar with</p><p class="ql-block">Figures and "Boundless Longevity" Characters</p><p class="ql-block">明嘉靖</p><p class="ql-block">Jiajing Reign (1522 - 1566), Ming Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">釉里紅</p><p class="ql-block">釉里红、青花釉里红均创烧于元代,明清时期趋于完美。釉里红以铜红料为着色剂在瓷胎上绘画纹饰,罩以透明釉,在高温还原气氛中烧成。</p><p class="ql-block">青花釉里红,是以青花、釉里红两色同施于一器的装饰方法。与釉里红同属釉下彩,经高温一次烧成。因釉里红的烧制对窑温、窑内气氛要求较高,故历代釉里红发色俱佳之上品民间难得一见。虽明代景德镇御窑已烧造过这两种釉色瓷器,但成品率极低,故流传至今的作品格外珍稀。清代康熙、雍正、乾隆时期,景德镇御窑工匠熟练掌握了其制作技术,大大增加了产量,提高了品质。康熙时期还在青花釉里红的基础上增加了釉下以铁为着色剂的豆青色,创烧出“釉里三色”新品种。</p> <p class="ql-block">釉里红缠枝菊纹盏托</p><p class="ql-block">Underglazed Red Teacup Saucer with Chrysanthemum</p><p class="ql-block">明洪武</p><p class="ql-block">Hongwu Reign (1368 - 1398), Ming Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">五彩人物纹笔筒</p><p class="ql-block">Brush Pot with Polychrome Design of Figures</p><p class="ql-block">清康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi Reign (162-1722), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">五彩花卉纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Bowl with Polychrome Decoration of Flowers</p><p class="ql-block">清雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng Reign (1723-1735), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青花矾红彩海水游龙纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Blue-and-white Plate with</p><p class="ql-block">Sea Wave and Dragon Designs in Iron-red Glaze</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736-1795), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">斗彩三果纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Doucai Sanduo (Three Abundances) Bowl</p><p class="ql-block">明万历</p><p class="ql-block">Wanli Reign (1573-1620), Ming Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">斗彩八卦纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">cai Plate with the Pattern of the Eight Trigrams</p><p class="ql-block">清康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi Reign (1662-1722), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩</p><p class="ql-block">粉彩瓷器出现在康熙晚期,是一种低温釉上彩。是在五彩基础上,受珐琅彩工艺影响,创烧出的釉上彩瓷新品种,发展至雍正时期已取代五彩瓷器成景德镇釉上彩瓷中的最主要品种。</p><p class="ql-block">粉彩瓷器绘制以玻璃白打底,上施彩绘,其呈色浓淡分明、柔和典雅、鲜亮明快,展示出优雅说目的立体效果。与五彩相比,给人以粉润之感,故五彩与粉彩亦分别称为“硬彩”和“软彩”。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩百蝠纹赏瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Famille Rose Vase Decorated with Hundred Bats</p><p class="ql-block">清光绪</p><p class="ql-block">Guangxu Reign (1875-1908), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">绿地粉彩轧道花卉纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Green Glazed Bowl with Famille Rose Decoration</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736-1795), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">粉彩开光三羊纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Famille Rose Bowl Decorated with Three Goats</p><p class="ql-block">清光绪</p><p class="ql-block">Guangxu Reign (1875-1908), Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">器身三面开光中各绘一羊,或卧或立于树下,寓意“三阳开泰”。黄地部分绘梅瓶、铜钱、如意、悬磬等吉祥物品,寓意福寿如意。据《清宫造办处活计清文件》记载,此种轧道开光碗绘三阳开泰图案,是专为年节使用,为清代官窑瓷器上最常用的图案。</p> <p class="ql-block">广彩人物纹大碗</p><p class="ql-block">Bowl with Figures in Canton Enamel</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736-1795), Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">素三彩飞禽荷塘纹罐</p><p class="ql-block">Plain Tricolor Jar with Bird and Lotus Pond Motif</p><p class="ql-block">清康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi Reign (1662 - 1722), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">墨地素三彩花鸟纹水盂</p><p class="ql-block">Plain Tricolor Water Container with Flowers and Birds on a Black Ground</p><p class="ql-block">清道光</p><p class="ql-block">Daoguang Reign (1821 - 1850), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">墨彩蝠寿纹碗</p><p class="ql-block">Mocai Bowl with Designs of Bats and Figures</p><p class="ql-block">清雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng Reign (1723-1735), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">黄地墨彩山水人物纹</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow-Ground Famille Rose</p><p class="ql-block">Water Container with Figure in Landscape</p><p class="ql-block">清道光</p><p class="ql-block">Danguang Reign (1821 - 1850), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">监地描金双螭邛耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Vane with Homless Dragon Shaped Fars and Partern in Gold on Blue Ground</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">a Rem 0879. 177R</p> <p class="ql-block">霁红釉高足碗</p><p class="ql-block">High-footed Bowl with Sky-clearing-red Glaze</p><p class="ql-block">清康熙</p><p class="ql-block">Kangxi Reign (1662 - 1722), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">霁蓝釉碗</p><p class="ql-block">Bowl with Sky-clearing-blue Glaze</p><p class="ql-block">明嘉靖</p><p class="ql-block">Jiajing reign (1522 - 1560), Ming dynasty (1368 - 1644)</p> <p class="ql-block">天蓝釉双耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Sky-blue Glazed Vase with Double Ears</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736 - 1795), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">霁蓝釉象耳琮式瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Cong Vase in Sky-clearing-blue Glaze with</p><p class="ql-block">Elephant-shaped Ears</p><p class="ql-block">清同治</p><p class="ql-block">Tongzhi Reign (1862 - 1874), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">青釉扣碗</p><p class="ql-block">Celadon Covered Bowl and Saucer</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736 - 1795), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">白釉暗刻龙纹洗</p><p class="ql-block">White Glazed Brush Washer with Carved Dragon</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736 - 1795), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">茶叶末釉荸荠瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Tea-dust Glazed Vase in the Style of Water Chestnut</p><p class="ql-block">清道光</p><p class="ql-block">Daguang Reign (1821 - 1850), Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">黄哥釉瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Yellow Vase in Ge Glaze</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736-1795), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">哥釉八卦纹琮式瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Cong Vase with Pattern of the Eight Trigrams in Ge Glaze</p><p class="ql-block">清咸丰</p><p class="ql-block">Xianfeng Reign (1851-1861), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">哥釉贯耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Vase with Tubular Ears in Ge Glaze</p><p class="ql-block">清雍正</p><p class="ql-block">Yongzheng Reign (1723-1735), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">茄皮紫釉云龙纹盘</p><p class="ql-block">Eggplant-skin Purple Glazed Plate with Dragon Design</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">longzheng Reign (1723 - 1735), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">酱釉炉</p><p class="ql-block">Dark-reddish-purple Burner</p><p class="ql-block">清乾隆</p><p class="ql-block">Qianlong Reign (1736 - 1795), Qing Dynasty</p> <p class="ql-block">窑变贯耳瓶</p><p class="ql-block">Kiln-Transmutation Glazed Vase with Tubular Ears</p><p class="ql-block">清光绪</p><p class="ql-block">Guangxu Reign (1875 - 1908), Qing Dynasty</p><p class="ql-block">贯耳瓶,器型源自商周时期青铜器,在宋代时开始出现瓷器制品。到了清代,因其造型古朴端庄而深受皇帝喜爱,成为清代官窑中的传统样式,也是清官瓷器的经典器形之一。自清雍正时期景德镇官窑开始烧造,一直延烧至清末宣统时期。</p><p class="ql-block">清纯隽永色釉瓷。</p> <p class="ql-block">炉钧釉</p> <p class="ql-block">炉钧釉</p> <p class="ql-block">刀币</p><p class="ql-block">刀币由生产工具——“铜削”演变而来,源自东方渔猎区。从体形上看,刀币有大、小两种:大刀为齐国货币,小刀主要是北方燕、赵一帶的货币。齐国地处渔猎业比较兴旺的山东半岛,铸币以精美、厚重著称于世,一枚齐刀币的重量大致相当于三枚燕刀、五枚赵刀,足见齐国经济之发达、国力之强盛。</p> <p class="ql-block">圜钱</p><p class="ql-block">Circular Coin</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">镂空压胜钱 Coin-shaped Charm</p><p class="ql-block">1.镂空花卉纹压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">2. 镂空双鹿纹压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">3</p><p class="ql-block">镂空双龙纹压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">4</p><p class="ql-block">镂空双凤纹压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">5. 镂空花乌纹压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">6. 镂空人物纹压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">7. 镂空鱼纹压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">8. 镂空双鱼纹压胜钱</p> <p class="ql-block">秦(BC221-BC207)</p><p class="ql-block">半两 Ban Liang Coin</p> <p class="ql-block">秦统一货币</p> <p class="ql-block">汉(BC206-AD220)</p><p class="ql-block">1.三铢 2.五铢</p><p class="ql-block">3.剪边五铢</p> <p class="ql-block">新莽货币(9-23)</p> <p class="ql-block">新莽货币(9-23)</p> <p class="ql-block">正用品压胜钱</p><p class="ql-block">Coin-shaped Charm</p><p class="ql-block">1.大观通宝花钱 2.周元通宝花钱 3.咸丰重宝花钱</p><p class="ql-block">4. 洪武通宝花钱 5.道光通宝花钱</p> <p class="ql-block">生肖钱</p><p class="ql-block">Coin-shaped Charm</p> <p class="ql-block">吉语钱</p><p class="ql-block">Coin-shaped Charm</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block">机制货币</p><p class="ql-block">Machine-made Coin</p><p class="ql-block">清(1644-1911)</p><p class="ql-block">1.光绪通宝 2. 大清铜币 3.光绪元宝</p><p class="ql-block">4. 宣统元宝 5. 大清银币</p> <p class="ql-block">清(1644一1911)</p><p class="ql-block">1.嘉庆通宝2.道光通宝3.咸丰通宝 咸丰重宝 咸丰元宝</p><p class="ql-block">4.咸丰通宝(雕母)5.祺祥重宝</p><p class="ql-block">6.同治通宝 同治重宝7.光绪通宝 光绪重宝8.宣统通宝</p> <p class="ql-block">靖</p><p class="ql-block">明(1368-1644)</p><p class="ql-block">1.大中通宝</p><p class="ql-block">2.洪武通宝</p><p class="ql-block">3. 永乐通宝</p><p class="ql-block">4. 宣德通宝</p><p class="ql-block">5. 弘治通宝</p><p class="ql-block">6. 嘉靖通宝</p> <p class="ql-block">元(1271-1368)</p><p class="ql-block">1. 中统元宝 2.至元通宝 3.大德通宝 4. 至大通宝</p><p class="ql-block">5.大元通宝(八思巴文)6.至治通宝</p><p class="ql-block">7.至顺通宝 8.至正通宝</p><p class="ql-block">9.至正之玉</p> <p class="ql-block">金(1115-1234)</p><p class="ql-block">1. 正隆元宝 2.大定通宝</p><p class="ql-block">3. 泰和通宝 泰和重宝</p> <p class="ql-block">南宋(光宗、宁宗)(1127-1279)</p><p class="ql-block">1.绍熙元宝 2.庆元元宝 庆元通宝</p><p class="ql-block">3. 嘉泰元宝 嘉泰通宝 4.开禧元宝 开禧通宝</p><p class="ql-block">5.嘉定元宝 嘉定通宝</p> <p class="ql-block">南宋(理宗、度宗)(1127 1279)</p><p class="ql-block">1. 大宋元宝 大宋通宝 2.绍定通宝3.端平元宝 端平通宝</p><p class="ql-block">4. 嘉熙通宝 嘉熙重宝</p><p class="ql-block">5. 淳祐元宝 淳祐通宝 6. 皇宋元宝</p><p class="ql-block">7.开庆通宝 8. 景定元宝 9.咸淳元宝</p> <p class="ql-block">唐(618-907)</p><p class="ql-block">1.得壹元宝 2.顺天元宝 3.会昌开元</p> <p class="ql-block">北宋(太祖、太宗、真宗)(960-1127)</p><p class="ql-block">1.宋元通宝</p><p class="ql-block">2.太平通宝</p><p class="ql-block">3.淳化元宝</p><p class="ql-block">4.至道元宝</p><p class="ql-block">5.咸平元宝</p><p class="ql-block">6.景德元宝</p><p class="ql-block">7.祥符元宝</p><p class="ql-block">8. 天禧通宝</p> <p class="ql-block">青岛博物馆的镇馆之宝包括以下三件珍贵文物:</p><p class="ql-block">1. 北魏石佛造像:这是两尊北魏时期的石佛造像,距今已有一千五百多年的历史。佛像高570厘米,腹围385厘米,底径286×216厘米,底高100厘米。两尊佛像造型基本相同,头作高肉髻,面型削瘦适中,深目高鼻,面带微笑。内着僧袛支,外着褒衣博带式正披,衣纹断面呈“V”字形,赤足立于莲花座上。手势为右手上扬,施无畏印,左手下垂,掌心向外,施与愿印。这两尊佛像是魏晋南北朝时期佛教造像艺术的杰出之作,对研究北魏时期国家的社会政治、宗教和石雕艺术史以及山东历史文化发展等,都具有重要的价值。</p><p class="ql-block">2. 宋钧窑鼓式瓷洗:这是一件北宋时期的钧窑瓷器,口径23.8厘米、底径17.5厘米、高9.1厘米。钧窑是中国宋代五大名窑之一,以其独特的釉色和精美的造型著称。这件鼓式瓷洗展现了宋代瓷器的高超技艺和审美特点。</p><p class="ql-block">3. 明正统版万历刊《道藏》:这是明代的道教经典,刊印于万历年间。《道藏》是道教经籍的总集,包含了大量的道教经典、仪式、戒律等内容,对于研究道教历史和文化具有极高的价值。</p><p class="ql-block">这三件文物不仅是青岛市博物馆的镇馆之宝,也是中国古代文化和艺术的宝贵遗产。</p>