瑞士行 – 首都伯尔尼

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瑞士行 - 苏黎世

离开瑞士最大城市苏黎世，前往首都伯尔尼（Bern），它的地理位置处在苏黎世和日内瓦的中间。
1191年，伯尔尼由贝尔希多尔夫公爵贝特霍尔德五世（Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen）建立。他选择在阿勒河（Aare River）环绕的半岛上建城，因为这里地势险要，易于防守。根据传说，贝尔希多尔夫公爵建立这座城市时，决定将城市命名为他打猎时猎到的第一只动物的名字。这只动物正是一只熊，因此伯尔尼（Bern）这个名字来源于德语中的“熊”（Bär）。1218年，随着贝尔希多尔夫家族绝嗣，伯尔尼成为神圣罗马帝国的帝国自由市，赋予了它相对的自治权，并在随后的几个世纪里逐步扩大其影响力和领土。1353年，伯尔尼加入了瑞士邦联（Old Swiss Confederacy），成为其重要成员之一。随着时间的推移，伯尔尼逐渐成为瑞士邦联中最强大的城邦之一，并在邦联内部发挥重要作用。1848年，当瑞士联邦宪法确立后，伯尔尼被选为瑞士联邦的首都（联邦城），这一地位一直延续至今。
作为瑞士的首都，伯尔尼的联邦宫（Bundeshaus）是瑞士联邦议会和联邦政府的所在地。伯尔尼的经济以服务业为主，包括政府部门、金融服务、教育和医疗等。该市也是一些国际组织和非政府组织的总部所在地，如国际电信联盟（ITU）和世界气象组织（WMO）。伯尔尼拥有丰富的文化遗产和众多博物馆。伯尔尼老城区（Old City of Bern）被碧绿的阿勒河环绕着，风景秀美，是联合国教科文组织列为的世界文化遗产。游客可以在这里看到保存完好的中世纪建筑、钟楼（Zytglogge）、熊公园（Bear Park）以及玫瑰园（Rose Garden）。伯尔尼被认为是世界上生活质量最高的城市之一。这里有良好的公共交通系统、优质的医疗和教育服务，以及丰富的文化和休闲活动。
不得不提的是伟大的科学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）曾经在这里生活和工作过。1902年爱因斯坦搬到伯尔尼，供职于瑞士专利局（Swiss Patent Office），从事技术审查员的工作。工作之余，他利用业余时间潜心专研理论物理。1905年他发表了具有划时代意义的数篇论文，对物理学的不同领域产生了深远影响。其中光电效应论文对分子运动的统计描述，进一步证实了原子和分子的存在，为量子理论奠定了基础。这项研究使他获得了1921年的诺贝尔物理学奖。另一篇论文狭义相对论则引入了质能等效原理（E=mc²），拓展了人们对宇宙的认识和理解。他还发表过关于布朗运动的论文，描叙了颗粒的运动规律。在伯尔尼期间，爱因斯坦与他的好友康拉德·哈比希特（Conrad Habicht）和莫里斯·索洛文（Maurice Solovine）成立了一个讨论小组，称为“奥林匹亚学会”（Akademie Olympia）。他们在一起讨论科学、哲学和文学，被称为“伯尔尼学派 ”，对爱因斯坦的思想发展起到了重要作用。伯尔尼历史博物馆有一个专门的爱因斯坦展区，称为爱因斯坦博物馆（Einstein Museum）。这个博物馆展示了爱因斯坦的生平、工作以及他在伯尔尼期间的重要贡献。展品包括他的私人信件、照片、科学手稿以及个人物品，详细介绍了他的科学成就和个人生活。爱因斯坦在伯尔尼期间的居所Kramgasse 49号公寓也被完好地保存下来，成为爱因斯坦故居博物馆（Einsteinhaus）。爱因斯坦在伯尔尼的研究成果对现代物理学的发展具有深远影响。他的相对论理论和量子力学研究奠定了20世纪物理学的基础。美丽的伯尔尼给予爱因斯坦无限的科学灵感和想象空间。

【English version】
Leaving Switzerland's largest city, Zurich, we headed to the capital, Bern, which is located between Zurich and Geneva.
Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen. He chose to build the city on a peninsula surrounded by the Aare River because of its strategic and easily defensible location. According to legend, when the Duke established the city, he decided to name it after the first animal he hunted, which was a bear. Thus, the name Bern comes from the German word for bear, "Bär." In 1218, with the extinction of the Zähringen family, Bern became an imperial free city within the Holy Roman Empire, granting it relative autonomy and allowing it to gradually expand its influence and territory over the following centuries. In 1353, Bern joined the Old Swiss Confederacy, becoming an important member. Over time, Bern became one of the most powerful city-states in the Confederacy and played a significant role within it. In 1848, with the establishment of the Swiss Federal Constitution, Bern was chosen as the capital of the Swiss Confederation, a status it retains to this day.
As the capital of Switzerland, Bern's Bundeshaus is the seat of the Swiss Federal Assembly and the Federal Council. Bern's economy is predominantly based on the service sector, including government, financial services, education, and healthcare. The city is also home to several international organizations and NGOs, such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Bern boasts a rich cultural heritage and numerous museums. The Old City of Bern, encircled by the emerald-green Aare River, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its scenic beauty. Visitors can see well-preserved medieval buildings, the Zytglogge clock tower, the Bear Park, and the Rose Garden. Bern is considered one of the cities with the highest quality of life in the world, featuring an excellent public transportation system, top-notch healthcare and education services, and a wealth of cultural and recreational activities.
Notably, the great scientist Albert Einstein once lived and worked here. In 1902, Einstein moved to Bern and worked as a technical examiner at the Swiss Patent Office. In his spare time, he devoted himself to theoretical physics. In 1905, he published several groundbreaking papers that profoundly impacted various fields of physics. His paper on the photoelectric effect provided statistical descriptions of molecular motion, further confirming the existence of atoms and molecules and laying the foundation for quantum theory. This research earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. Another paper on special relativity introduced the principle of mass-energy equivalence (E=mc²), expanding our understanding of the universe. He also published a paper on Brownian motion, describing the motion of particles. During his time in Bern, Einstein, along with his friends Conrad Habicht and Maurice Solovine, formed a discussion group called the "Akademie Olympia." They discussed science, philosophy, and literature, which played a crucial role in Einstein's intellectual development. The Bern Historical Museum houses a dedicated Einstein exhibit, known as the Einstein Museum. This museum showcases Einstein's life, work, and significant contributions during his time in Bern, including his personal letters, photographs, scientific manuscripts, and personal items. Einstein's apartment at Kramgasse 49 has been preserved and turned into the Einsteinhaus museum. Einstein's research in Bern has had a profound impact on the development of modern physics, with his theories of relativity and quantum mechanics forming the foundation of 20th-century physics. The beautiful city of Bern provided Einstein with endless scientific inspiration and imaginative space.

世界文化遗产伯尔尼老城区（Old Town）。 伯尔尼主教堂（Cathedral of Bern）。 风光迤逦的阿勒河（Aare River）。 奈德格桥（Nydegg Bridge）和奈德格教堂（Nydegg Church），最初建于13世纪。 熊公园建于2009年，是伯尔尼最著名的旅游景点之一，位于Nydegg桥旁。自16世纪以来，熊便成为伯尔尼的象征和重要标志，出现在城市的徽章和旗帜上。 联邦宫

2024.07.17-18，STP16.

作者简介
旅行家，作家，兼摄影师，现为美国医学院教授。出版有长篇小说《海鸥教授》，《杜鹃花开》，《玫瑰血》，《生命是用来虚度的》，中篇小说《留学生》，《寒星》，短篇小说《悔恋》，《小倩绝恋》，《年夜》，《真实的谎言》等，并著有大量散文，游记，摄影专集。