【卫生保健】开学季春季传染病要警惕

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<h5 style="text-align:center;">八一幼儿园</h5> <h3><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"><font color="#333333">  经过寒冷的冬季,进入阴雨连绵的春季,乍暖还寒,冷热交替,人体内环境很难一下子与外界环境相适应,免疫力相对低下,病菌、病毒等致病微生物趁机而入,侵袭人体。春季常见的传染病有流行性感冒、手足口病、水痘、结核病、流行性腮腺炎、诺如病毒引起的感染性腹泻等。<br></font></span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"><font color="#333333">  下面,让我们一起了解了解常见传染病的预防知识,让孩子们能健康生活、快乐学习每一天。</font></span></h3> <h1 style="text-align: left;"><b><font color="#ed2308"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-size: 17pt;"> </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt;">一、流行性感冒</span></font></b></h1> <p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;"><font color="#333333"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">  流行性感冒简称</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">流感</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">,是由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,具有很强的传染性。流感病毒分为甲、乙、丙三型。</span></font></h3><h3><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">⭐️传播途径:以空气飞沫直接传播为主,也可通过被病毒污染的物品间接传播。</span><br></h3><h3><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">⭐️主要症状:有发热、全身酸痛、咽痛、咳嗽等症状。</span><br></h3><h3><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">⭐️易感人群:人群对流感普遍易感,病后有一定的免疫力,但维持的时间不长,病毒不断发生变异,可引起反复感染发病。</span><br></h3> <h1 style="text-align: left;"><b><font color="#ed2308"> 二、手足口病</font></b></h1> <p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"><font color="#333333">  手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的一种儿童常见传染病。</font></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;"><font color="#333333"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">传播途径:主要经消化道或呼吸道飞沫传播,亦可经接触病人皮肤、粘膜疱疹液而感染。</span></font></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;"><font color="#333333"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">主要症状:先出现发烧症状,手心、脚心出现斑丘疹和疱疹</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">疹子周围可发红</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">,口腔粘膜出现疱疹或溃疡,疼痛明显。部分患者可伴有咳嗽、流涕、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐和头疼等症状。少数患者病情较重,可并发脑炎、脑膜炎、心肌炎、肺炎等。</span></font></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;"><font color="#333333"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">易感人群:婴幼儿和儿童普遍多发,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">岁以下婴幼儿更容易得。成人感染后一般不发病,但会将病毒传播给孩子。</span></font></h3> <h1 style="text-align: center; "><br></h1> <h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"><font color="#ed2308"> 三、水痘</font></span></h1> <h3><font color="#333333"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">  水痘是一种由水痘带状疱疹病毒所引起的急性传染病。水痘患者多为</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">14</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">岁的孩子,在幼儿园和小学最容易发生和流行。<br></span></font><font color="#333333"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">易感人群</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">:人群普遍易感。常见于</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">2</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">~</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">10</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">岁的儿童,一次发病可终身获得较高的免疫力。</span></font></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; min-height: 20.3px;"><font color="#333333"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">传播途径:水痘主要通过飞沫经呼吸道传染,接触被病毒污染的尘土、衣服、用具等也可能被传染。</span></font></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;;"><font color="#333333"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">主要症状:水痘病毒感染人体后,经过大约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">周的潜伏期,患者可出现头痛、全身不适、发热、食欲下降等前期症状,继而出现有特征性的红色斑疹,后变为丘疹,再发展为水疱,常伴有瘙痒,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">天后开始干枯结痂,持续一周左右痂皮脱落。皮疹躯干部最多,头面部次之,四肢较少,手掌、足底更少。</span></font></h3> <h1 style="text-align: left;"><font color="#ed2308"><span style="text-align: center; caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"> 四、结核病</span></font></h1> <p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">  </span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">结核病过去俗称</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">痨病</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">,是由结核杆菌主要经呼吸道传播引起的全身性慢性传染病,其中以肺结核最为常见,也可侵犯脑膜、肠道、肾脏、骨头、卵巢、子宫等器官。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">传播途径:活动期的排菌(也就是痰涂片阳性或者痰培养阳性)肺结核病人是主要的传染源;结核病的传播途径有呼吸道、消化道和皮肤黏膜接触,但主要通过呼吸道传播。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">主要症状:结核病多为缓慢起病,长期伴有疲倦、午后低热、夜间盗汗、食欲不振、体重减轻、女性有月经紊乱等症状。严重的患者可有高热、畏寒、胸痛、呼吸困难、全身衰竭等表现。肺结核病人往往伴有咳嗽、咳痰,痰中可带血丝。结核杆菌侵犯脑膜、肠道、肾脏、骨头、卵巢、子宫等器官,可有头痛、呕吐、意识障碍、消瘦、腹泻与便秘交替等症状。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">易感人群:人群普遍易感,但是与肺结核病人有密切接触的人群,机体对结核菌抵抗力较弱的人群,如幼儿、老年人、营养不良、尘(矽)肺、糖尿病患者、</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">HIV</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">阳性或者艾滋病人等群体是重点人群。</span></h3> <p style="text-align: left; "><br></h3> <h1><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); color: rgb(237, 35, 8); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"> 五、流行性腮腺炎</span></h1> <p style="text-align: left; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">  流行性腮腺炎简称</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">腮腺炎</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">,亦称</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">痄腮</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">,是一种通过飞沫传播的急性呼吸道传染病。冬春季节容易发生,多发生于儿童。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️传播途径:病人是唯一的传染源,主要通过飞沫传染,少数通过用具间接传染,传染性强。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">主要症状:本病大多数起病较急,有发热、畏寒、头痛、咽痛等全身不适症状。患者一侧或双侧耳下腮腺肿大、疼痛,咀嚼时更痛。并发症有脑膜炎、心肌炎、卵巢炎或睾丸炎等。整个病程约</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">7</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">天。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">易感人群:多见于5到15岁的儿童和青少年。一次感染后可获终生免疫。</span></h3> <h1 style="text-align: left;"><font color="#ed2308"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"> 六、诺如病毒</span></font></h1><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(237, 35, 8); text-align: center;"> 引起的感染性腹泻</span></h1> <p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">  </span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">诺如病毒,又称</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">诺瓦克病毒</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">,是一种比较常见、会引起急性感染性腹泻的病毒,全年均可发生感染,冬春季节高发。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">传播途径:诺如病毒感染性强,以肠道传播为主,可通过被诺如病毒污染的水源、食物、物品、空气等传播。容易被感染的地方有很多,特别是像学校食堂、餐馆等人群聚集的公共用餐地,所以,在公用场所用餐最好使用自己的碗筷。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">⭐️</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">主要症状:腹泻、腹痛、恶心、呕吐,可伴有低热、头痛、乏力及食欲减退;粪便为黄色浠水便,患者经常无预兆剧烈呕吐,呕吐物有感染性,成人腹泻较突出,儿童呕吐较多。诺如病毒潜伏期为</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">24</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">48</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">小时,病程为自限性,一般</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">~</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">天即可恢复。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3> <h1><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 22.66666603088379px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><font color="#ed2308"> 七、麻疹</font></span></h1> <p style="text-align: left; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-light; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"><font face=".SFUIText-Semibold"> </font></span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"> 麻疹是一种由麻疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,主要发生在冬春季节。凡是没有接种过麻疹疫苗,接触后</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">90%</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">以上均会发病,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">1-5</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">岁小儿发病率最高。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️传播途径:病人是唯一的传染源,病人的眼结膜、鼻、口、咽等处的分泌物(如眼泪、鼻涕、痰等)以及尿和血液中都存在着麻疹病毒。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">⭐️主要症状:麻疹的潜伏期为</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">10-11</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">天,开始时症状像感冒,但同时出现眼红、眼皮发肿、流泪、怕光、打喷嚏、咳嗽等更严重的症状。第</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">天起从耳朵后面开始出现玫瑰色的斑丘疹,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">2-3</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">天内皮疹遍及全身,随后疹退,脱屑。其他症状也逐渐消退。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️预防措施:尽量减少和患者及其患者家属接触是预防麻疹的关键。做好保健工作,按时接种麻疹疫苗,室内空气流通,流行季节少到公共场所,锻炼身体,增强抗病能力。</span></h3> <h1 style="text-align: left;"><font color="#ed2308"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); text-align: center; font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp; </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); text-align: center; font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">八、风疹</span></font></h1> <p style="text-align: left; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">  风疹是由风疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️传播途径:传染源主要是病人和先天性风疹的患儿,病人鼻咽部分泌物(如鼻涕、痰等)、血及尿中均带有病毒,主要经空气飞沫传播,一年四季均可传染得病,以冬春季为多。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️主要症状:以低热、上呼吸道轻度炎症、全身散布红色斑丘疹及耳后、枕部淋巴结肿大为特征,若孕妇在妊娠早期感染风疹可能导致胎儿先天畸形。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️预防措施:预防风疹最可靠的手段是接种风疹疫苗。在春季风疹高发期,尽量少去人群密集的场所,如商场、影院等地,避免与风疹病人接触。孕妇尤要当心,以免感染而殃及胎儿。保持室内开窗通风,空气流通,增加户外活动,加强体育锻炼,讲究个人卫生。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><h3><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"></h3> <h1 style="text-align: center; "><font color="#ed2308"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">九、流行性脑脊髓膜炎</span></font></h1> <p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">流行性脑脊髓膜炎,简称流脑,是由脑膜炎双球菌引起的急性呼吸道传染病。</span></h3><h3><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">⭐️传播途径:大多是通过呼吸道飞沫传播而感染。</span><br></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">⭐️主要症状:最初表现为上呼吸道感染,多数病人无明显症状,随后病人突然寒战,高热体温可达</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">40℃</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">,头痛、呕吐反复发作,早期皮肤上可见出血点或淤斑,</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"> 1-2</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">日内发展为脑膜炎,高热持续不退,头痛剧烈,频繁的呕吐,伴有惊厥,甚至出现昏迷。</span><br></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">⭐️预防措施:免疫接种是预防流脑的主要措施。</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp;</span></h3> <h1 style="text-align: left;"><font color="#ed2308"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); text-align: center; font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">  &nbsp; </span><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); text-align: center; font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">十、人感染高致病性禽流感</span></font></h1> <p style="text-align: left; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;"><font face=".SFUIText-Semibold">  </font></span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">人感染高致病性禽流感是由高致病性禽流感病毒引起的以呼吸道损害为主的人急性感染性疾病。</span></h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-size: 17pt; font-weight: bold;">⭐️传播途径:禽流感主要通过空气传播,病毒随病禽分泌物、排泄物及尸体的血液,器官组织、饮水和环境以及衣物、种蛋等传播,造成环境污染,亦可经过消化道和皮肤伤口而感染。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">⭐️主要症状:人禽流感的潜伏期一般为</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">1-7</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">天,出现早期症状与一般流感相似,主要有发热、流涕、咽痛、咳嗽等,体温可达</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">39℃</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">以上,伴有全身酸痛,有些病人可有恶心、腹痛、腹泻、结膜炎等。</span><br></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp;⭐️</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">预防措施:养成良好的卫生习惯,饭前便后、接触禽类要用流水洗手;注意饮食卫生,不喝生水,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏,解剖活(死)家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。</span></h3> <h1 style="text-align: center; "><font color="#1564fa"><span style="caret-color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">春季传染病的预防措施</span></font></h1> <h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">1.</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">预防接种:接种疫苗是最有效、最经济的预防措施,上述</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">种疾病中,除了诺如病毒引起的感染性腹泻无针对性疫苗外,其余均有疫苗可以接种预防。</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">2.</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">科学穿衣:遵循传统的</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">春捂秋冻</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Bold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">的规律,初春不要急着脱去冬装,尤其要注意脚部保暖,根据天气变化和体质情况,适时增减衣服。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">3.</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">开窗通风:应定时开窗通风,保持室内空气新鲜,让室内的空气流动起来,新鲜空气能够去除过量的湿气和稀释室内污染物,以减少患病的机会。让阳光射进室内,因为阳光中的紫外线具有杀菌作用。</span><br></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">4.</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">勤洗手:呼吸道传染病患者的鼻涕、痰液等呼吸道分泌物中含有大量病原,有可能通过手接触分泌物,传染给健康人,因此特别强调注意手的卫生。</span><br><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">5.</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">坚持锻炼:适当增加户外活动,因为运动不仅能促进身体的血液循环,增强心肺功能,还提高皮肤调节温度的能力,维护淋巴系统的功能,从而增强身体的抗病能力。</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">6.</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">平衡营养:偏食挑食的孩子最容易发生免疫力下降,要想增强身体的抗病能力,合理、均衡营养非常重要。家长可以有意识地增加含钙量丰富的鱼虾、豆制品,适当增加优质蛋白质,注意蔬菜水果的摄取,适当搭配粗粮和杂粮,避免高糖分、高脂肪和油炸食品。</span></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">7.</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: PingFangSC-Semibold; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">保证睡眠:晚间要保证孩子充足的睡眠,不使孩子过度疲劳,充足的睡眠能够提高机体免疫力,对抗疾病。</span><span style="color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;">&nbsp;</span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText-Semibold&quot;; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17pt;"></span></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3>

传播

病毒

呼吸道

传染病

主要症状

感染

风疹

人群

水痘

症状