<p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫 (Virginia Woolf)</b></p> <p class="ql-block">许多读者和文学批评家认为弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是20世纪最具创新力的作家之一。她发展其写作技巧,例如,内心独白和意识流散文,使之成为现代主义文学的领袖,这种意识流写法已经为现代作家经常使用。伍尔夫或许以她的长篇小说而闻名,包括《达洛维夫人》、《到灯塔去》和《奥兰多》;但是,她也是一位撰写日记、报刊杂志、随笔和短篇小说的多产作家。</p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫</b>(1882-1941),英国作家。在小说领域,以其非线性叙事手法产生了重大影响。伍尔夫以小说创作最为人知,其中尤以《达洛维夫人》(1925)、《到灯塔去》(1927)两篇为甚。小说创作之余,她还就艺术理论、文学史、女性写作、权利政治等主题提笔书写,拓展文脉。作为一名优秀的文学批评家,伍尔夫尝试过多种形式的自传体式创作形式,以绘画手法构思短篇虚构作品,并且,终其一生与亲友往来通信,才情卓然。</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">Virginia Woolf</b> (1882-1941)</p><p class="ql-block">English writer whose novels, through their nonlinear approaches to narrative, exerted a major influence on the genre. While she is best known for her novels, especially Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), Woolf also wrote pioneering essays on artistic theory, literary history, women’s writing, and the politics of power. A fine stylist, she experimented with several forms of biographical writing, composed painterly short fictions, and sent to her friends and family a lifetime of brilliant letters. </p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(237, 35, 8); font-size: 18px;"><i>Innovative novelist, perceptive critic, and pioneering feminist essayist, Virginia Woolf made a major contribution to the development of the novel with her impressionistic style.</i></b></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(255, 138, 0);">“文明的个体” Civilised Individual:</b></p><p class="ql-block">弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫和布卢姆斯伯里文化团体</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);">Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Group </b></p><p class="ql-block">After the death of Leslie Stephen (Woolf’s dad), Vanessa arranged for Virginia, Thoby, Adrian and herself to move into a new residence: 46 Gordon Square in Bloomsbury. In this location they finally felt liberated from the constraints of the paternal home, and associated with similarity cerebral friends, an informed network which would gradually come to be referred to as the The Bloomsbury Group. It would include figures such as E.M. Forster, John Maynard Keynes, Lytton Strachey, the artists Roger Fry and Duncan Crant, and the Virginia and Vanessa’s future husband, Leonard Woolf and the art critic Clive Bell respectively. The group distinguished itself not only by the high artistic and intellectual calibre of its members, but also by its progressive ideals, casting aside Victorian orthodoxy in favour of sexual and social freedom, granting women the role of equals, accepting homosexuals and tolerating extramarital relationship.</p><p class="ql-block"> 这种文艺沙龙的流风余韵,延伸进入20世纪之后,在英法两国的首都,有两处最为知名。跟以前西欧的沙龙相比,这两处沙龙里的女性,虽然并不一定像以前那样担任女主人的角色,却是聚会中不可或缺的灵魂人物,而且在智力和才华上同与会男士旗鼓相当。</p><p class="ql-block"> 美国女作家格特鲁德·斯泰因(Gertrude Stein, 1874—1946),1903 年迁居法国首都巴黎之后,在左岸卢森堡花园附近的住宅里,每个星期六晚间举行聚会。到这里谈天说地的客人,包括当时旅居或是游历西欧的美国第一流作家,如海明威、菲茨杰拉德、庞德、辛克莱·路易士、舍伍德·安德森、桑顿·怀尔德等人,而欧洲方面的参加者则包括毕加索、马蒂斯、亨利·卢梭等先锋派欧洲大家,以及法国诗人阿波里耐。参加这个聚会的人虽然不一定有什么统一的宗旨,但是他们对于突破传统、引领一代文学艺术的新潮流新风尚,还是有相当的影响。</p><p class="ql-block"> 至于伦敦的沙龙,当然就是布鲁姆斯伯里团体了。和前两个世纪的文艺沙龙相比,这个团体中,男士绝大多数出身剑桥大学,女士出身伦敦国王学院,大多来自中产阶级家庭,已经不是一介平民。他们从志同道合、聚会讨论开始“抱团”,随后其中的几位核心男女,缔结姻缘,建立了更加密切的关系。他们延续了二三十年的活动,在文艺上正值现代主义的兴起,在政治上则历经第一次欧战、俄苏建国、大萧条等重大历史变迁。个中人物,在思想方面多少又受到分析派哲学家乔治·爱德华·摩尔的影响,极为重视人际思想交流的乐趣和日常生活中的审美需求,将之视作社会进步的合理终极目的。他们的学术专攻涵盖了文学、艺术、经济、批评等诸多方面,彼此之间相互的影响自毋庸赘述,而且各自都多有专著,尤其是伍尔夫夫妇,还积极从事出版事业,已经远远超越了历史上文化沙龙的范畴,更为深入地涉及德国思想家哈贝马斯所构想的“公共领域”,对20世纪上半叶英国文化发展史的影响,至为深广。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(255, 138, 0);">伍尔夫夫妇在订婚那天拍的合影</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251);">现代主义 (</b><b style="color: rgb(22, 126, 251); font-size: 18px;">Modernism)</b></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;">While the Bloomsbury Group was a stepping stone to social and intellectual liberation, artistically Virginia Woolf would become part of the wider movement known as Modernism. As the world was moving away from the certainties and conventions of the nineteenth century to one in which scientific advance and social and political unrest challenged previously held perceptions,</span><u style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;"> the arts had to find new modes of expression to reflect these shifts.</u><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;"> Ushered in by the works of Joseph Conrad and Henry James, the literary Modernists of the 1910s and 1920s such as T.S. Eliot, Wyndham Lewis, Marcel Proust, James Joyce and Ezra Pound all contribution in their own way to a more experimental approach to writing. </span><u style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;">Virginia Woolf, who in 1924 remarked that “on or about December 1910, human character changed ”, would gradually find her voice within this new artistic context and rapidly become one of Modernism’s figureheads.</u><b style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); font-size: 18px;"><u> </u></b></p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(57, 181, 74);"><span class="ql-cursor"></span>The Hogarth Press 霍加斯出版社</b></p><p class="ql-block">In 1917 the Woolfs bought a printing machine and installed it in their home in Richmond, and established Hogarth Press, named after their home, Hogarth House. This venture had modest ambitions at first: it was an experiment in printing their own works; but soon it became a major publishing house, producing books not only by members of the Bloomsbury Group such as E.M. Forster, Clive Bell, Roger Fry and John Maynard Keynes, but also by the likes of T.S. Eliot, Robert Graves, Edith Sitwell and a multitude of international, mainly Russian, authors (Maxim Gorky, Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev). Owning Hogarth Press would play a crucial part in the evolution of her own work: she now had full control of the creative development of her books, down to typesetting and production, and they would often contain woodcuts by her sister Vanessa. After Virginia Woolf’s death, the press would also publish the major psychoanalytical works of its day. </p><p class="ql-block"> 1917 年,伍尔夫一家买了一台印刷机,安装在他们位于里士满的家中,并建立了霍加斯出版社( Hogarth Press ),以他们的家霍加斯的名字命名。这家公司起初雄心勃勃:这是一个印刷他们自己作品的实验;但很快它就成为了一家大型出版社,不仅由布卢姆斯伯里集团的成员,如 E . M .福斯特,克莱夫·贝尔、罗杰·弗莱和约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯,还有 T · S ·艾略特、罗伯特·格雷夫斯、伊迪丝·西特韦尔等众多国际作家,主要是俄罗斯作家(马克西姆·高尔基、伊万·布宁、列昂尼德·安德烈耶夫)。拥有霍加斯出版社将在她自己的工作演变中发挥至关重要的作用:她现在完全控制了她的书籍的创造性发展,包括排版和制作,而且这些书籍经常包含她姐姐瓦妮莎的木刻。伍尔夫死后,出版社还出版了当时主要的精神分析著作。</p><p class="ql-block"> 30岁时,伍尔夫与在团体中结识的伦纳德·伍尔夫结为夫妇,婚后夫妻两人创办了霍加斯出版社 (Hogarth Press),这家出版社成为现代主义文学的摇篮。作为意识流小说的代表人物之一,伍尔夫在小说创作和文学评论两方面都有卓越的贡献。</p><p class="ql-block"> 霍加斯出版社一直经营到1946年,29年间共出版了527部作品。几乎一整个世纪过后,霍加斯于2012年重新成立,成为了出版业巨头企鹅兰登旗下了一个品牌。霍加斯出版社在出版事业上有不可磨灭的贡献。J·H·威利斯(JH Willis)在其书中写道“战间期有许多小型出版社涌现,但大多数都消失了”。霍加斯出版社的发展故事除了宣告其胜利存活,同样也揭示了出版业的情况,以及在文学创作这场游戏中,面对作者思潮的转变出版社做出的转型。</p><p class="ql-block"> 弗吉尼亚和伦纳德二人都发现,他们竟也成为了那种曾让他们饱受欺压的出版商。一个代表性的例子是,在出版社成立早期,伍尔夫夫妇写信给詹姆斯·乔伊斯(James Joyce),拒绝出版他的《尤利西斯》(Ulysses)。他们在信中写道,这本书太长了,而且他们刚经手出版业,这实在是超出了他们的能力。而这正是伍尔夫夫妇身为作者时最讨厌的拒绝说辞。可现在,他们自己成了出版商,于是他们也得这么干。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(255, 138, 0);">伍尔夫夫妇在他们创办经营的霍加斯出版社出版的书籍</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);"> </b></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color: rgb(176, 79, 187);"> 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫</b>是20世纪著名的英国“意识流”小说家。她的小说不注重情节,而着重以抒情散文的形式写出人物内心世界的活动、进行细致的心理描写。同时,她也是一位散文家,善于用轻灵活泼的文笔写出她对于自己所喜爱的作家和作品的印象。她这方面的文章主要收入题为《普通读者》和《普通读者第二集》两书(The Common Reader, 1925; The Second Common Reader, 1932)。这些文章乃是一个具有高度文化修养和丰富创作经验的女作家,在创作之余所写的一批富有个人独特风格的随笔散文。</p><p class="ql-block"> 接下来的几期我会与大家一同分享阅读伍尔夫的随笔散文<b style="color: rgb(57, 181, 74);">《一个人应该怎样读书?》(HOW SHOULD ONE READ A BOOK?)</b></p> <p class="ql-block">音频</p>