【小西妈双语工程201910期No.24 Shawn】20220328 D169

Shawn

清英：2b u9 I can hear Sound

Human and animals use sound to recognize and to communicate with each other. Besides sound, there are other ways to communicate, such as body language and sign language.

实验

Make Music with Water Glasses
In this science experiment, we explore sound and pitch（音高） by turning glasses of water into musical instruments.
we need:
Water glassed all the same size.
a measuring cup
a pencil

1.Pour one ounce od water into the first glass,two ounces into the second glass,three ounces into the third glass,and so on ...
2.Tap each glass with pencil
3, listen to the sound that comes from each galss,the less water in the glass,the higer the sound will be.
4.Tap on each glass,go on the scale,Go down the scale,pretend you are playing a tune on a xylophone.


Sound waves themselves are invisible, but you can sometimes feel them, and you can see them when they bump into something solid and make it move.
The sound waves sound the same when the glasses are empty, but when you add water, it changes the size of the sound waves, because many of the sound waves created have to travel through the water before they can reach your ear.

This changes the pitch of the sound you are hearing.
The more water, the lower the pitch. The less water, the higher the pitch.

Seeing sound
To explain how sound is produced by vibrations.
Materials needed:
Galss or cup
Cling film 薄膜
Elastic band 橡皮筋
Dry rice
Musical instrument

steps:
Wrap the cling film保鲜膜 over the top of the glass.
Secure the cling film with elastic bands-橡皮筋-make sure it fits tightly
Put some grains of rice on the cling film米粒放在膜上。
Play the instrument close to the glass.演奏靠近玻璃
We will see the grains of rice Vibrating on the cling film.
Sound is created by vibrations.These vibrations travel through the air as a sound wave.
我们会看到米粒在保鲜膜上振动。
声音是由振动产生的。这些振动以声波的形式在空气中传播。

MAKE A GUITAR

1. Find an empty tissue box and six different-sized rubber bands

2. Stretch the rubber bands over the opening in the box.
3. Pluck one rubber band. As it vibrates, listen to the sound 4. Put your hand on the rubber band. That stops the vibrations and stops the sound

5. Pluck a different rubber band. It sounds different from the first rubber band because its vibrations are different

6. Pluck each of the other rubber bands. Listen to the sounds. The thicker the rubber band. the lower the sound will be

7. Pluck each rubber band and pretend you are playing a guitar

耳的结构 中文视频：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Z741157oM/?spm_id_from=autoNext

震撼：人类耳朵的工作原理，真的是麻雀虽小五脏俱全

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Et411e7Mw/?spm_id_from=333.788.recommend_more_video.1

Journey of Sound to the Brain 听觉的形成

https://www.bilibili.com/video/av202024765/

How Do We Hear?

Hearing depends on a series of complex steps that change sound waves in the air into electrical signals. Our auditory nerve 听觉神经 then carries these signals to the brain.


Illustration showing parts of the ear, including the inner ear. From the outer ear, the inner ear consists of the ear canal[kə'næl] 耳道 and eardrum 耳膜. Past the ear drum is the malleus ['mælɪəs] 锤骨, incus['ɪŋkəs] 砧骨, and stapes ['steɪpiːz]镫骨 Further inside the ear is the cochlea['koʊkliə] 耳蜗. The auditory nerve leads from the cochlea to the brain.
Source: NIH Medical Arts

Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through a narrow passageway called the ear canal, which leads to the eardrum.

The eardrum vibrates 震动 from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones in the middle ear. These bones are called the malleus, incus, and stapes.

The bones in the middle ear amplify['æmplɪ.faɪ] 放大

, or increase, the sound vibrations and send them to the cochlea, a snail-shaped structure filled with fluid['fluɪd] 液体, in the inner ear. An elastic[ɪ'læstɪk] 有弹力的 partition runs from the beginning to the end of the cochlea, splitting it into an upper and lower part. This partition is called the basilar['bæsɪlə] 基底的 membrane['mem.breɪn] 膜

because it serves as the base, or ground floor, on which key hearing structures sit.

Once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple['rɪp(ə)l] 波纹, a traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane. Hair cells 毛细胞—sensory ['sensəri] cells 感觉细胞 sitting on top of the basilar membrane 基底膜—ride the wave. Hair cells near the wide end of the snail-shaped cochlea detect higher-pitched[pɪtʃt] 高音的 sounds, such as an infant crying. 耳蜗宽端附近的毛细胞检测较高倾斜的声音，例如婴儿哭泣

Those closer to the center detect lower-pitched sounds, such as a large dog barking.

那些靠近中心的毛细胞检测到低音的声音，例如大狗吠

As the hair cells move up and down, microscopic [.maɪkrə'skɑpɪk] hair-like projections[prə'dʒekʃ(ə)n] 突出物 (known as stereocilia) that perch[pɜː(r)tʃ] 高处 on top of the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend.

当毛细胞上下移动时，位于毛细胞顶部的微小的毛发状突起(称为静纤毛)会撞击覆盖在上面的结构并发生弯曲。

Bending causes pore-like channels, which are at the tips of the stereocilia[,steriə'siliə] 静纤毛, to open up. When that happens, chemicals rush into the cells, creating an electrical signal.

The auditory nerve carries this electrical signal to the brain, which turns it into a sound that we recognize and understand.

弯曲使位于静纤毛顶端的孔状通道打开。当这种情况发生时，化学物质涌入细胞，产生电信号。听觉神经将这种电信号传送到大脑，然后将其转化为我们能够识别和理解的声音。

Body Language

Body language is a silent orchestra ['ɔrkəstrə] 管弦乐, as people constantly 不断地 give clues to what they’re thinking and feeling. Non-verbal 非语言的 messages including body movements, facial expressions, vocal tone and volume, and other signals are collectively known as body language.

Here's what to look for when you're trying to interpret body language.

Think for a moment about how much a person is able to convey with just a facial . A smile can indicate approval or happiness. A frown can signal disapproval or unhappiness.

In some cases, our facial expressions may reveal our true feelings about a particular situation. While you say that you are feeling fine, the look on your face may tell people otherwise. Mouth expressions and movements can also be essential in reading body language. For example, chewing on the bottom lip may indicate that the individual is experiencing feelings of worry, fear, or insecurity.

Covering the mouth may be an effort to be polite if the person is yawning or coughing, but it may also be an attempt to cover up a frown of disapproval.

Gestures can be some of the most direct and obvious body language signals. Waving, pointing, and using the fingers to indicate numerical amounts are all very common and easy to understand gestures.

Some gestures may be cultural, however, so giving a thumbs-up or a peace sign in another country might have a completely different meaning than it does in the United States.

The following examples are just a few common gestures and their possible meanings:

A clenched [klentʃ] 握紧 fist can indicate anger in some situations or solidarity [.sɑlɪ'derəti] 团结一致 in others.
A thumbs up and thumbs down are often used as gestures of approval and disapproval.
The "okay" gesture, made by touching together the thumb and index finger in a circle while extending the other three fingers can be used to mean "okay" or "all right." In some parts of Europe, however, the same signal is used to imply you are nothing. In some South American countries, the symbol is actually a vulgar ['vʌlɡər] 粗俗的 gesture.
The V sign, created by lifting the index and middle finger and separating them to create a V-shape, means peace or victory in some countries. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the symbol takes on an offensive meaning when the back of the hand is facing outward. 更多关于body language 参考：https://www.verywellmind.com/understand-body-language-and-facial-expressions-4147228 What is American Sign Language?
American Sign Language (ASL) is a complete, natural language that has the same linguistic[lɪŋ'ɡwɪstɪk] 语言的 properties as spoken languages, with grammar that differs from English. ASL is expressed by movements of the hands and face. It is the primary language of many North Americans who are deaf and hard of hearing, and is used by many hearing people as well. The ASL fingerspelling alphabet (also referred to as the
American manual alphabet) is used to spell out proper
names and English words.Can you spell your name in ASL?

Tip: when spelling your name, you’ll want to start with you hand in the center of your body, and move your hand from left to right in front of you with your fingers facing away from you. This way, each letter is easily identifiable. For names with a double letter (like the name Kelley), move your hand over and do a bouncing motion to indicate that there are two of the same letters in a row.

Here’s how to spell my name (Emily):