200亿中国人的城!

午一

生活在钢筋水泥的森林中我们很难想像我们的祖先曾经创造过多少伟大的古城池这些古城池绝不仅仅是西安、平遥那样的少数明星它们更多是大地上平凡而坚强的存在即便历经千百年风霜也会留下明显区别于其他事物的痕迹它们的外形往往<strong>方方正正</strong>(河北怀来县鸡鸣山下<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81%E5%BC%A0%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A3%E5%B8%82%E6%80%80%E6%9D%A5%E5%8E%BF%E9%B8%A1%E9%B8%A3%E9%A9%BF%E4%BE%9B%E7%94%B5%E6%89%80%E5%AF%B9%E9%9D%A2" data-city="" data-id="0.837492812259204" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04iaOcDgibz60dDJev3SFc3UV90lB5gw3htNyAbUMFmQ9ZJsiaicBOccO6qP99j2tFf8XtTOw4HD7sAjA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.453220367" data-longitude="115.31539917" data-name="%E9%B8%A1%E9%B8%A3%E9%A9%BF%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="16184109155269346976" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">鸡鸣驿古城</a>航拍,为现存最大的明代驿城,摄影师@枉言)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 它们在茫茫荒漠中顽强地矗立哪怕流沙侵入它们的肌体(内蒙古额济纳旗,800多年前的西夏军事重镇<a data-address="%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%96%84%E7%9B%9F%E9%A2%9D%E6%B5%8E%E7%BA%B3%E6%97%97%E8%BE%BE%E6%9D%A5%E5%91%BC%E5%B8%83%E9%95%87%E5%8D%97%E5%81%8F%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E7%BA%A622%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" data-city="" data-id="0.8550554615474666" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNt17fYrvzXyL4n5qQF7ee8lsABOOpL6rDbKjYLaGlRwXtZvpaMlXkdg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="41.766197205" data-longitude="101.145698547" data-name="%E9%BB%91%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="9811933455197721791" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">黑城遗址</a>航拍,摄影师@卢文)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 它们<br></br>在广袤的草原上静静地存在任由弯弯曲曲的闪电河流淌而过(请横屏观看,内蒙古锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗<a data-address="%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E9%94%A1%E6%9E%97%E9%83%AD%E5%8B%92%E7%9B%9F%E6%AD%A3%E8%93%9D%E6%97%97%E8%92%99%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E6%99%AF%E5%8C%BA%E5%86%85" data-city="" data-id="0.5180303236644554" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNDycQ7wv0wtkZIpD5JdQ6qK6wLfsIGSYZjem9eLBQqEkqttOMjXfHIQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="42.358188629" data-longitude="116.191520691" data-name="%E5%85%83%E4%B8%8A%E9%83%BD%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="13798138226840401125" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">元上都遗址</a>航拍,摄影师@王璐)<br></br><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 它们在饱受洪水蹂躏的黄泛区用最宽达500米的环城调蓄湖清晰地诉说它们曾经何等强大(河南商丘<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%95%86%E4%B8%98%E5%B8%82%E7%9D%A2%E9%98%B3%E5%8C%BA%E5%95%86%E4%B8%98%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%97%E9%97%A8" data-city="" data-id="0.0266705786116197" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04iaOcDgibz60dDJev3SFc3UVOZZnbefrqGPibNLWJOeHe2WLFIUTvz6hL8r7hs4RRX7icAk5HSNnEI2Q%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="34.386585236" data-longitude="115.618156433" data-name="%E5%95%86%E4%B8%98%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E-%E5%BD%92%E5%BE%B7%E5%BA%9C%E5%9F%8E%E5%A2%99" data-poiid="1406481365818900208" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">明清归德府城遗址</a>航拍,摄影师@石耀臣)<br></br><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 这是我们的城是数万年来在这片地上繁衍出的200亿中国人共同创造的伟大城池是200亿中国人共同拥有的伟大珍宝(全国重点文物保护单位城址、城郭分布,制图@陈思琦/星球研究所;据美国学者Carl Haub估算,地球有史以来总计诞生过1080亿个智人;根据现在中国人口占世界人口的比例推算得出:中国有史以来共诞生过200亿人口,该数据并非准确数据)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 它们的设计者、建造者早已湮灭于历史但现代中国人却没有理由将它们遗忘就让我们借助愈发清晰的卫星照片与强大的航拍技术讲述这段伟大的造城史<strong> </strong><strong>01</strong><strong> </strong><strong><strong>理想之城</strong></strong>新石器时代中国大地上部落相争为保卫生命与财产人们围绕聚居地建造城墙(城)并在外围设置护城河(池)<strong>“城池”</strong>便诞生了但是直至商代城池并没有形成统一的规范它们或<strong>圆</strong>(湖南常德<a data-address="%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%B8%B8%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%A7%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.8226592717553374" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNF6RRAySOrOfc4Wz3zO2du0tqrJGnOYdUmG6l7H1td8xm07WviaOKVgw%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="29.686311722" data-longitude="111.66078949" data-name="%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%B4%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%94%AE%E7%A5%A8%E5%A4%84" data-poiid="6636081369108404607" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">城头山遗址</a>卫星图,距今约6100年,城池轮廓非常清晰,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> <strong><strong><strong></strong></strong></strong>或<strong>方</strong><br></br>(请横屏观看,河南<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E7%AE%A1%E5%9F%8E%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%9C%E5%85%B3%E5%8D%97%E9%87%8C" data-city="" data-id="0.9113694550188172" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNAaQ1rXpyNPgz5bzxuzohY9UjAxMVzDP8Zfkdh8ukgyWKheKjNTdIUA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="34.745372772" data-longitude="113.688087463" data-name="%E5%95%86%E9%83%BD%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="15237683183126639366" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">郑州商城遗址</a>内城城墙航拍,推测为商代都城之一,身居闹市却幸运地保存了相当长度的城垣,摄影师@石耀臣)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 或<strong>亦圆亦方</strong>(浙江杭州<a data-address="%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E4%BD%99%E6%9D%AD%E5%8C%BAG104%E4%B8%8E%E7%A5%A5%E5%87%A4%E7%BA%BF%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E5%8F%A3" data-city="" data-id="0.542328661353435" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNutUsfWzGibv2UicrvAE6eOKxm4xfyibibd9uDrAFr4TSP21S8D9Qk1ftzA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="30.390617371" data-longitude="119.991210938" data-name="%E8%89%AF%E6%B8%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="14279795294986916653" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">良渚古城遗址</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map;距今约5000年,拥有9座城门,是已知史前最强大的城池;城池四角为圆形,东西南北四面却取直线,外围还有外廓城)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 甚至不设城墙成为<strong>大型开敞型城市</strong>(河南安阳<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%AE%89%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E6%AE%B7%E9%83%BD%E5%8C%BA%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F%E8%B7%AF" data-city="" data-id="0.9901041626873615" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNJMj2AD4QW0M7IGVoZVxyJ1k2PI2zCD7yn4Sia7Eo0SmvgPHJC0HIEAg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="36.122554779" data-longitude="114.325309753" data-name="%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F%E5%AE%AB%E6%AE%BF%E5%AE%97%E5%BA%99%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="10360771172952713522" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">殷墟商城</a>卫星图,商代晚期都城,至今未发现城墙;但殷墟北部的商代中期都城洹北商城有城墙;源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 直到距今约3000年前<br></br>兴起于渭河上游的周部落兴师灭商周的统治者要在全国重新建立秩序尊卑有序的<strong>“礼制”</strong>被广泛倡导一种秩序感极强的理想化造城方案随即出炉从天子之城到诸侯之城按照等级高低设置各自的城池大小、城门数量外形却都方方正正每边开数量相等的城门城门用横平竖直的街道相连城内又被街道分割成一个个规规矩矩的小方格人们按照等级高低居住在相应方格中这便是周代的<strong>“营国制度”</strong>其中的“国”即为“城”(周代王城图示意,制图@陈随/星球研究所) <strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 然而诸侯国众多的周代显然缺乏强大的执行力未能将这种理想城池全面贯彻春秋战国时赵国的<strong>赵王城</strong>由三个小城组成其中西城最为规整、方正为典型的方城(河北邯郸<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81%E9%82%AF%E9%83%B8%E5%B8%82%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%8C%BA%E5%8D%97%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E8%B5%B5%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%86%85" data-city="" data-id="0.18257832589057243" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNLk4YxKDWUlGKicjBiblicqiaFAwBdtESTJlTPwDgxyrDuUw5nNvZVeBzkw%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="36.571731567" data-longitude="114.448684692" data-name="%E8%B5%B5%E7%8E%8B%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80-%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%A2%99%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="4870731162283370394" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">赵王城遗址</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 而位于山东曲阜的鲁国国都<strong>鲁国故城</strong>则是一个不规则的长方形城池(山东曲阜<a data-address="%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E6%B5%8E%E5%AE%81%E5%B8%82%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%82%20" data-city="" data-id="0.2794980543723853" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNsAUDkYMGvs1JoqCHxCLaht4MZ8Nicuq5fyFZJd3trbXqdbyXEnhRfoA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="35.594249725" data-longitude="117.022720337" data-name="%E9%B2%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%85%E5%9F%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="11067457761558755874" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">鲁国故城遗址</a>卫星图,左下角的小城为明清曲阜县城,范围大为缩小,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 位于江苏常州的<strong>淹城</strong>是一个春秋时期的军事城堡甚至采用外圆内方的形态外城呈现椭圆形内城和子城则呈现方形(江苏常州<a data-address="%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E5%B8%B8%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E6%AD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%BA%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%9C%E4%B8%AD%E8%B7%AF197%E5%8F%B7" data-city="" data-id="0.03405386391488152" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNJZIkflQG0qMhhugU5MCcFf3AR6oJXuUjpQHKYd4YRGLnic1OhvT6Rdg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="31.703510284" data-longitude="119.924819946" data-name="%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%B7%B9%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="11681180271811044819" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">淹城遗址</a>卫星图,源自@高德地图)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 但是当先秦时代终结一种更强大的政治力量将注意到营国制度的价值并将它打造为中国历代造城的典范<strong> </strong><strong>02</strong><strong> </strong><strong><strong>盛世之城</strong></strong>这种力量便是<strong>中央集权</strong>秦汉至隋唐中国建立了强大的中央集权营国制度所体现的<strong>“秩序”</strong>正是统治者的需要作为统一王朝的国都成为实践这种秩序的最佳场所这些都城逐渐升级形制规整、规模宏大成为全球称雄的盛世之城汉代都城<strong>长安城</strong>大致为方形但因为渭河河道的影响<br></br>西北部城墙较为曲折整体不算规整(陕西西安<a data-address="%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82%E6%9C%AA%E5%A4%AE%E5%8C%BA%E6%B1%89%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%8E" data-city="" data-id="0.7998178722551834" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSN48gebMnd8q9dMnTkjEjjdZ9ChicUGIgnEAZwEt9evhR82icNib2lzyk4A%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="34.311489105" data-longitude="108.863449097" data-name="%E6%B1%89%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80-%E5%A4%A9%E7%A6%84%E9%98%81" data-poiid="1414510481425882625" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">汉长安城遗址</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 幸运的是汉长安城废弃后原址未进行大规模新建所以城池形态基本完整保存至今在陕西西安城区的西北方占据相当醒目的一片土地(请横屏观看,汉长安城遗址航拍,摄影师@白阳)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 之后的<strong>隋唐长安城</strong><br></br>完全易址新建其有意展现出强大的规划秩序除北部的大明宫外整体呈现为更规整的方城城内道路系统更是设计为严谨的方格网将全城划分为100多个方形的里坊居住和商业活动被严格限定在不同的区域(<a data-address="%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94%E5%8C%BA%E6%85%88%E6%81%A9%E8%B7%AF1%E5%8F%B7" data-city="" data-id="0.39166736828823345" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04iaOcDgibz60dDJev3SFc3UVjMKicbUsf23EN8ZeFQ1qibV0nEJy6IBckGVJ332Q38uoUx2gNQ4uZ3QA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="34.218261719" data-longitude="108.964172363" data-name="%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%81%E5%A1%94" data-poiid="12142682125325493080" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">唐长安城</a>布局示意,制图@陈随/星球研究所,卫星图源自高德地图)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 这是一个恢宏的杰作其城池面积超过80平方千米为中国历代古城之最也是全球古城之最如今岁月已将它埋藏在现今西安城下仅有少数遗址露出地表留存至今的<strong>大明宫遗址</strong>是唐长安城中三大宫殿群之一面积是明清故宫的4倍有余(请横屏观看,<a data-address="%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82%E6%96%B0%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E8%87%AA%E5%BC%BA%E4%B8%9C%E8%B7%AF585%E5%8F%B7" data-city="" data-id="0.782109527809858" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNiammicpibp3jgt7zkrxdiaTBkxWhcNNiaZMYn33f6JaPZc0D4YicfdJU4o3Q%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="34.303058624" data-longitude="108.95552063" data-name="%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%AB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="11247792710466849113" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">大明宫遗址</a>航拍,摄影师@苟秉宸)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> <br></br>同样规划严整、秩序井然的还有<strong>隋唐洛阳城</strong>隋唐时中国的经济中心逐渐南移至江淮一带与政治中心长安相距较远于是隋唐开始实施<strong>双都制度</strong>通过营建洛阳加强与江淮的联系洛阳城跨越洛河两岸呈现基本规整的正方形11条南北大道与11条东西大道纵横交错划分出100多个里坊(<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%A5%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9E%E4%B8%AD%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%9A%E9%BC%8E%E5%8C%97%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E5%8F%A3" data-city="" data-id="0.6041703231317286" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNWpyxUPichW3VYtjdaQB55ibqjNTqY9qLIpTzuo98YMZic9FPxXAlo2yKg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="34.680965424" data-longitude="112.455810547" data-name="%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E5%9F%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="15211329063875747040" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">唐洛阳城</a>布局示意,制图@陈随&amp;谢禹涵/星球研究所,卫星图源自高德地图)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 而经济逐渐崛起的南方一些明星城市也开始显现例如运河与长江交汇处的<strong>唐代扬州城</strong>为当时仅次于长安洛阳的全国第三大城市外形呈长方形内部则划分为棋盘式方格其痕迹在今天的扬州依然清晰可见(<a data-address="%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E9%82%97%E6%B1%9F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AB%98%E6%A1%A5%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%8E%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%AA%E5%B7%B7%E4%BA%A4%E6%B1%87%E5%A4%84" data-city="" data-id="0.9180941471744732" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl07TWDA8lZ6tywDHC27TFgP59YBUVel1KicjkVwick5d58D7jozg0AAtYibXCVhe9gnic8vRrWk6GLD4Lg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="32.408512115" data-longitude="119.451972961" data-name="%E4%BE%BF%E7%9B%8A%E9%97%A8%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" data-poiid="543910354986293343" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">唐代扬州城</a>卫星图,源自@Google Earth)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 除了都城和南方城市的建设秦汉隋唐作为大一统王朝疆域大为扩张蒙古高原、西域以及连接西域的河西走廊都掀起了中原样式的造城高潮在<strong>蒙古高原</strong>众多方方正正的城池拱卫着帝国的北方边疆包括疑为汉代右北平郡治所的宁城县<strong>黑城古城</strong>(内蒙古宁城县<a data-address="%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E8%B5%A4%E5%B3%B0%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%81%E5%9F%8E%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.6541250548566686" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl06L33KfGia5lleZ6R1DAOvGgbqCJGGkj0jLhmmKPQmNuANuKynP73b0iafvIhJeElUWeR8lRgqbRe9Q%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="41.392372131" data-longitude="118.822303772" data-name="%E9%BB%91%E5%9F%8E%E6%9D%91" data-poiid="5311252678811116964" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">黑城古城</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map;筑城时使用的土质含有大量腐殖质,城墙颜色灰黑,因此俗称黑城;本文中多处“黑城”,属于同名异地)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 疑为唐代宥州城的<strong>城川古城</strong>(内蒙古鄂尔多斯<a data-address="%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E9%84%82%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%82%E9%84%82%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E5%89%8D%E6%97%97%20" data-city="" data-id="0.19097454972965378" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl06L33KfGia5lleZ6R1DAOvGgRCYLndlO36RDswC5cx0637uKIMkoiau0d4DicRhLXYdgLvYbCReGBSiaA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="37.702861786" data-longitude="108.343887329" data-name="%E5%9F%8E%E5%B7%9D%E5%98%8E%E6%9F%A5" data-poiid="10774397166220097060" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">城川古城</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 位于蒙古国南戈壁省的<strong>塞林巴剌嘎斯古城</strong>则被认为可能是专为接受匈奴降者而建的汉代受降城之一(塞林巴剌嘎斯古城卫星图,也有人认为是回鹘城址,源自@微软地图)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 而在<strong>河西走廊</strong>祁连山的冰雪融水在戈壁中制造出巨大的洪积扇大唐的<strong>瓜州城</strong>就设置在洪积扇的边缘把守着帝国的西方通道(甘肃<a data-address="%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E9%85%92%E6%B3%89%E5%B8%82%E7%93%9C%E5%B7%9E%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.10412272308569626" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04iaOcDgibz60dDJev3SFc3UV596bl8IN8bxibXCyObCxkEItTwfUX3Iguiaqn0s7bh5fDIQJqLRW7jug%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.211650848" data-longitude="96.802589417" data-name="%E6%9F%B4%E5%9D%9D%E5%BA%99" data-poiid="2275462562962644215" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">昌马河洪积扇</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 其城池较为方正<br></br>因生长着耐旱植物锁阳而又被称为<strong>锁阳城</strong>(甘肃瓜州县<a data-address="%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E9%85%92%E6%B3%89%E5%B8%82%E7%93%9C%E5%B7%9E%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.8812909851485324" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNmKibAG5PVicBVBCicHPvsSuQ4ZRnTMlzGalGOiauNTGvH6bodlOfutYe3w%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.253154755" data-longitude="96.199562073" data-name="%E9%94%81%E9%98%B3%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="9944310564297328" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">锁阳城遗址</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map;第二张为遗址航拍,请横屏观看,摄影师@苟秉宸)<br></br><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 时至今日像这样在河西走廊守望的汉唐城池数量仍多达上百个包括大小双城并立的<strong>六工城</strong>(甘肃瓜州<a data-address="%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E9%85%92%E6%B3%89%E5%B8%82%E7%93%9C%E5%B7%9E%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.8203502391940634" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNbJ2IKfUJrbSIA6smI73Zo2cxdgVmtKtrjoOzh5wT3Awze9Qulq8liaA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.395519257" data-longitude="95.59992218" data-name="%E5%85%AD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A0%B4%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="3202210981016628453" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">六工城遗址</a>卫星图,大城疑为曹魏时期宜禾县城,小城疑为汉代昆仑障,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 南北两城并立的<strong>骆驼城</strong>(甘肃张掖高台县<a data-address="%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E5%BC%A0%E6%8E%96%E5%B8%82%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B0%E5%8E%BF%E7%9F%B3%E5%8F%B0%E6%9D%91" data-city="" data-id="0.9312386934564676" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNLk4YxKDWUlGKicjBiblicqiaFAwBdtESTJlTPwDgxyrDuUw5nNvZVeBzkw%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="39.348842621" data-longitude="99.570007324" data-name="%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B0%E5%8E%BF%E9%AA%86%E9%A9%BC%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="13465828294082233422" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">骆驼城遗址</a>卫星图,推测为汉代乐涫县城及唐代建康军城址,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 还有汉代的玉门关大漠中孤独的<strong>小方盘城</strong>(甘肃敦煌<a data-address="%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E9%85%92%E6%B3%89%E5%B8%82%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%9F%8E%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%9780%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%88%88%E5%A3%81%E6%BB%A9%E4%B8%8A" data-city="" data-id="0.85507352364088" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl04MCOFXia816C1Uxe8ZKNTSNUzEpm5gEdscWia4ib3EcgPggISp6Jsic7d0viav0C5kdPJNbyMmsFoj3JA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.354068756" data-longitude="93.865188599" data-name="%E7%8E%89%E9%97%A8%E5%85%B3%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="1513668361563007617" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">小方盘城遗址</a>卫星图,疑为汉玉门都尉府治,源自@Esri Image Map;第二张为遗址航拍,摄影师@钱玮)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 从河西走廊再向西便进入<strong>西域</strong>汉代之前当地的古城多为圆城汉代凿空西域以后中原样式的方城则大量出现例如位于新疆焉耆(Yānqí)疑为大唐焉耆都督府府治的<strong>博格达沁古城</strong>(请横屏观看,新疆焉耆<a data-address="%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%B7%B4%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%AD%E6%A5%9E%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E%E7%84%89%E8%80%86%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8E%BF%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%8E%E5%AD%90%E9%95%87" data-city="" data-id="0.790002543288471" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl06L33KfGia5lleZ6R1DAOvGgs6ianUfFgnKqqy5gt6ricCpRMZvmmmWU6TVn0zfIGwrJYzRzK2K5CZEQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="41.96075058" data-longitude="86.499938965" data-name="%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E6%B2%81%E6%95%85%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="11032184540588347795" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">博格达沁古城</a>航拍,推测为焉耆国都城、唐代焉耆都督府、焉耆镇城,摄影师@柴江辉)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> <br></br>位于罗布泊的<strong>楼兰古城</strong>(新疆若羌<a data-address="%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%B7%B4%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%AD%E6%A5%9E%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E%E8%8B%A5%E7%BE%8C%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.07500870957116157" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl06L33KfGia5lleZ6R1DAOvGg67LxwibSlicFhcY8acZ9qdCVGghXNnW65mf17QN4nhSb4qVXthIIwYPQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.128490448" data-longitude="89.604492188" data-name="%E6%A5%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="14207996879662323143" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">楼兰古城</a>卫星图,此图为其中的LE城,疑为汉代伊循都尉治所;源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 而<strong>汉代疏勒城</strong>甚至建在了天山北麓的山前丘陵上地势险峻、易守难攻<br></br>东汉时期名将耿恭曾凭此城天险与匈奴激战(请横屏观看,新疆奇台县<a data-address="%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E6%98%8C%E5%90%89%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E%E5%A5%87%E5%8F%B0%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.09352965268576918" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl0523b68swDhEQqN8ybPcdWXscNWiak0zicaBqp7YDWo94BoSiaYUMTKAvcpAicT608gFr4JXcTpVZvYlA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="43.613853455" data-longitude="89.754859924" data-name="%E9%BA%BB%E6%B2%9F%E6%A2%81%E6%9D%91" data-poiid="7249821824349511898" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">石城子遗址</a>航拍,被认为是汉代疏勒城,摄影师@王璐)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><strong><strong><strong></strong></strong></strong><h3> 还有作为大唐安西四镇之一大诗人李白出生地的<strong>碎叶城</strong>同样为方城现今已属于吉尔吉斯斯坦(阿克·贝希姆古城卫星图,即碎叶城,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 一些城池还与当地圆城结合形成方圆兼备的城池例如疑为汉代西域都护府治所的<strong>奎玉克协海尔古城</strong>(新疆轮台<a data-address="%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%B7%B4%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%AD%E6%A5%9E%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E%E8%BD%AE%E5%8F%B0%E5%8E%BF%20" data-city="" data-id="0.1984934313321507" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl06L33KfGia5lleZ6R1DAOvGg67LxwibSlicFhcY8acZ9qdCVGghXNnW65mf17QN4nhSb4qVXthIIwYPQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="41.578853607" data-longitude="84.321723938" data-name="%E8%BF%AA%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" data-poiid="13525736410838105646" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">奎玉克协海尔古城</a>,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 而作为大唐安西都护府治所的<strong>交河故城</strong>则完全利用两条交汇的河道建起不规则的城池但城内的布局仍是中原的里坊制(新疆吐鲁番<a data-address="%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%90%90%E9%B2%81%E7%95%AA%E5%B8%82%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%A1%E5%90%91%E8%A5%BF6%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" data-city="" data-id="0.6742701116962404" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl06L33KfGia5lleZ6R1DAOvGg12afjVjm3iawjb89OZwZ5IsVRJefibejfYz6AApLQVEtV2NrnOrLmHng%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="42.953239441" data-longitude="89.066062927" data-name="%E4%BA%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%95%85%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="5917326577934712428" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">交河故城</a>航拍,左右两边为河道,摄影师@飞翔)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 这种造城模式<br></br>甚至影响了少数民族政权的选择在内蒙古察哈尔右翼后旗一条弯曲如发辫的草原河流穿过北魏鲜卑人的长方形军镇<strong>克里孟古城</strong>(<a data-address="%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%AF%9F%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%82%E5%AF%9F%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC%E5%90%8E%E6%97%97%20" data-city="" data-id="0.9946747140124774" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl07TWDA8lZ6tywDHC27TFgP5P5u6PWzlxNP4P9W69pawPAKJkia0Sq0ibicR9ibuztYlf70xjIJpLQnToQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="41.565971375" data-longitude="112.855682373" data-name="%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%AD%9F" data-poiid="16440480822963215028" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">克里孟古城</a>卫星图,推测为北魏六镇之一的柔玄镇或抚冥镇,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 在青藏高原慕容鲜卑人的都城<strong>伏俟</strong>(sì)<strong>城</strong>与中国最大的湖泊青海湖为邻(青海海南县<a data-address="%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%BF%E7%9F%B3%E9%93%81%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" data-city="" data-id="0.8766032544265172" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl07TWDA8lZ6tywDHC27TFgP5Y2yU22OakUvPJ9QfGAj969O0mA7gZJMmaWygClgMWrVc1HV5DicGHEw%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="37.025653839" data-longitude="99.58241272" data-name="%E4%BC%8F%E4%BF%9F%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="13143528003708011316" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">伏俟城遗址</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 在黑龙江宁安市唐代靺鞨(mòhé)族的都城<strong>渤海国上京龙泉府</strong>完全仿照唐长安城建造(黑龙江宁安<a data-address="%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E6%B1%9F%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%81%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%82%E6%B8%A4%E6%B2%99%E7%BA%BF" data-city="" data-id="0.5794552984302106" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl07TWDA8lZ6tywDHC27TFgP5waxrQQGG8icex6AF2E1fT8YylluSpegWyZjQZEM1qiaYib0Z7SE9bkxKQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="44.129878998" data-longitude="129.155456543" data-name="%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%AC%E9%BE%99%E6%B3%89%E5%BA%9C%E5%AE%AB%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="8077434415208056968" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">渤海国上京龙泉府遗址</a>卫星图,旁边牡丹江流过,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 在陕西靖边县无定河边匈奴族的后裔赫连勃勃发动工匠筑造坚城如果锥能插入城墙一寸则杀工匠并筑入墙中这便是著名的<strong>统万城</strong>喻意“统一万邦”(陕西靖边<a data-address="%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%96%E8%BE%B9%E5%8E%BF%E7%BA%A2%E5%A2%A9%E7%95%8C%E9%95%87%E7%99%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%88%99%E6%9D%91" data-city="" data-id="0.4062554679923307" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl07TWDA8lZ6tywDHC27TFgP5WsPBPCRN1cZm6pURctd5TaZCeGXQvd2ianPJtOpOJCAfLAicsPyuGibwA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="37.998477936" data-longitude="108.852882385" data-name="%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%87%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80" data-poiid="9570836335848515742" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">统万城遗址</a>卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 而唐代的回鹘人甚至把唐式的城池带到了北纬50°的一个湖中岛上即今俄罗斯图瓦共和国境内的<strong>博尔巴金古城</strong>(博尔巴金古城,城内有大量唐式建筑遗迹,推测是为远嫁的唐朝公主所建,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 至此营国制度规范下的理想城池已经遍布帝国疆域即使汉唐盛世最终被战乱终结而城池建设的脚步不但没有停止还将迎来最高峰<strong> </strong><strong>03</strong><strong> </strong><strong><strong>千城崛起</strong></strong>宋元至明清封建社会趋于成熟礼制要求更加严密北宋的都城<strong>开封</strong>由三套城墙与三套护城河环环相套宫城居于中央形制比之前汉唐都城更加规整也更接近于营国制度的理想而其内部则突破了里坊制的限制商业网点遍布城中各处经济活动更加繁荣堪称中国古代城池的一大升级(<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%81%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E4%BA%AD%E5%8C%BA%E9%BE%99%E4%BA%AD%E4%B8%9C%E8%B7%AF" data-city="" data-id="0.9850048359787351" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05jtkuyAeGEBrITl99u7jEIQHNDCjIbVZPuVFq9GUa0EaMJGetrcT8pRkbZrBRWoQa5bXU1EejfBA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="34.806350708" data-longitude="114.352203369" data-name="%E9%BE%99%E4%BA%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="6008498538460611508" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">北宋开封城</a>布局示意,制图@陈随&amp;谢禹涵/星球研究所,卫星图源自Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 今天当我们经过开封上空仍可以看到城墙在开封的巨大规模而地表上的这圈方形轮廓只是明清城墙的遗存城池面积仅为北宋的1/4(开封城航拍,摄影师@陈肖)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 北宋开封城之后中国大地上又历经数个都城的建设到了公元1271年<strong>元大都</strong>在今天的北京横空出世它经过严密的规划同样由三套方城嵌套而成规模宏大、整齐划一更有一条明显的中轴线宫城位于中轴线上用规划布局把皇权烘托得至高无上(<a data-address="%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E6%9C%9D%E9%98%B3%E5%8C%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%9F%E5%9F%8E%E4%B8%9C%E8%B7%AF" data-city="" data-id="0.026299318086382417" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05jtkuyAeGEBrITl99u7jEIA2Yf2kqZLrlwkgCTXT6QFSZzldNMCCDAQCgib8hLZ8YMJmwVKLKot8A%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="39.976570129" data-longitude="116.424430847" data-name="%E5%85%83%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%9E%A3%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" data-poiid="10040928577538283717" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">元大都</a>布局示意,也有研究认为宫城的中轴线与外城中轴线略有偏差,制图@陈随&amp;谢禹涵/星球研究所)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong> 而<strong>明清北京城</strong>则在元大都的基础上将中轴线发挥到极致从永定门到正阳门再经紫禁城到钟鼓楼形成了一组宏伟庄严的建筑群(北京中轴线建筑群,摄影师@马文晓)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 同时因为人口增加北京城南部又设置了外城外城、内城、皇城、紫禁城共同构成了明清北京城这个<strong>中国古代城池的集大成者</strong>(<a data-address="%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%9C%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%89%8D%E9%97%A8" data-city="" data-id="0.48768647495502426" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05jtkuyAeGEBrITl99u7jEIRH09JevspagiaEFwmoZBnAdANWoV4ckQOKX00VXvD8lAJ0cz7Y5NoXg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="39.900096893" data-longitude="116.397941589" data-name="%E5%89%8D%E9%97%A8" data-poiid="12529540822592633355" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">明清北京城</a>布局示意,制图@陈随&amp;谢禹涵/星球研究所,卫星图源自高德地图)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> 这样明确的继承关系让我们可以不做任何标注就在卫星图上清楚辨认出元大都和明清北京城的轮廓(北京卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> <h3>除了都城建设达到顶峰</h3></br><h3>一个更广泛的筑城高潮</h3></br><h3>也到来了</h3></br><h3>首先</h3></br><h3>是大力营建<strong>军事性城池</strong></h3></br><h3>尤其是明代</h3></br><h3>来自北方的巨大军事压力</h3></br><h3>催生了极为严密的军事防御体系</h3></br><h3>从辽宁到甘肃</h3></br><h3>约12700里的长城沿线</h3></br><h3>设置9大军镇分段防守</h3></br>(后又增加2个,共11个)各镇城之下又设置路城、卫城、所城、堡城四个层级和负责传递信息的驿城以及负责屯兵的关城城池城堡数量多达470个<h3>统称“<strong>九边重镇”防御体系</strong></h3></br><h3>(明代“九边重镇”防御体系,制图@陈思琦/星球研究所)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <br></br><h3>这些军事性城池</h3></br><h3>除少数依据地形改变形态外</h3></br><h3>多数都非常方正</h3></br><h3>镇城如<strong>大同</strong></h3></br><h3>城池呈正方形</h3></br><h3>明代曾驻兵十余万人</h3></br><h3>(请横屏观看,山西<a data-address="%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%BE%A1%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B21%E5%8F%B7%E6%AD%A3%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91100%E7%B1%B3" data-city="" data-id="0.8382650259229412" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0icu3EfhswUApvD74P19sc0zicibdlMgAzDibsz6ayibXy5cwCNCaT2082qQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.102180481" data-longitude="113.315002441" data-name="%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="13165332557761325772" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">大同古城</a>航拍,右上为白登山,摄影师@傅鼎)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>卫城如宁远卫<br></br></h3></br><h3>即今天的辽宁<strong>兴城古城</strong></h3></br><h3>明代将领袁崇焕凭借此城</h3></br><h3>两次击败努尔哈赤和皇太极的进攻</h3></br><h3>史称宁远大捷</h3></br><h3>城池至今保存</h3></br><h3>(请横屏观看,辽宁<a data-address="%E8%BE%BD%E5%AE%81%E7%9C%81%E8%91%AB%E8%8A%A6%E5%B2%9B%E5%B8%82%E5%85%B4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%A8%81%E8%BF%9C%E8%A1%97" data-city="" data-id="0.3782676946103207" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0s0h4djxguBESJAy7Nic5sBKQxhgq8u7Ua9IRv1icrHmrFCng0RqgyblA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="40.622840881" data-longitude="120.712280273" data-name="%E5%85%B4%E5%9F%8E%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E6%99%AF%E5%8C%BA" data-poiid="12831833362926377840" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">兴城古城</a>航拍,摄影师@杨中华)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>关城如祁连山下的<strong>嘉峪关</strong></h3></br><h3>以位置险要著称</h3></br><h3>号称“天下第一雄关”</h3></br><h3>(甘肃<a data-address="%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E5%98%89%E5%B3%AA%E5%85%B3%E5%B8%82%E5%85%B3%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%97%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%8C%E6%8B%A5%E8%B7%AF%E4%BA%A4%E6%B1%87%E5%A4%84%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E4%BE%A7" data-city="" data-id="0.6956166177128897" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0LD4qEWJ8X9H1pIQWLcsJL96QV75DHBlVAIJFxp3QWhiabB5nlzBTLoQ%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="39.802913666" data-longitude="98.221977234" data-name="%E5%98%89%E5%B3%AA%E5%85%B3%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E6%99%AF%E5%8C%BA" data-poiid="14290685520059132070" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">嘉峪关</a>航拍,城池在照片左下方,摄影师@陈肖)<br></br></h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>堡城则数量最多</h3></br><h3>例如位于甘肃景泰县的永泰城</h3></br><h3>城池一改方正的常态</h3></br><h3>形似一只金龟</h3></br><h3>又称<strong>永泰龟城</strong></h3></br><h3>(甘肃景泰<a data-address="%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81%E7%99%BD%E9%93%B6%E5%B8%82%E6%99%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%8E%BF%E5%AF%BA%E6%BB%A9%E4%B9%A1%E6%B0%B8%E6%B3%B0%E6%9D%91" data-city="" data-id="0.31220004382098354" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0sgG3iarQvGnqgc2mgfGstY5eNS6KkpniaI6Gp7VNDRHaEUOW5JB2WUJg%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="37.133388519" data-longitude="103.847190857" data-name="%E6%B0%B8%E6%B3%B0%E9%BE%9F%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="3021674790417561573" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">永泰龟城</a>航拍,摄影师@王璐)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>在苍茫的群山下</h3></br><h3>可谓“一万孤城万刃山”</h3></br><h3>(请横屏观看,永泰龟城航拍,摄影师@清溪)<br></br></h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>不过</h3></br><h3>这些城池到了清代</h3></br><h3>许多已经废置或转作他用</h3></br><h3>因为清代北部防线北移</h3></br><h3>蒙古高原上建起了</h3></br><h3>草原上最漂亮的城</h3></br><h3><strong>乌里雅苏台城</strong></h3></br><h3>乌里雅苏台将军</h3></br><h3>在此统辖草原各部</h3></br><h3>今天的我们借助卫星图俯瞰</h3></br><h3>两侧的河流仿佛时光一般</h3></br><h3>狂奔不止</h3></br><h3>(蒙古国扎布汗省乌里雅苏台城遗址卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>其次</h3></br><h3>除了军事性城池</h3></br><h3>宋元明清的大多数时间内</h3></br><h3>经济都较为繁荣</h3></br><h3>并推动<strong>商业性城池</strong>不断崛起</h3></br><h3>例如作为晋商根据地的</h3></br><h3><strong>平遥古城</strong></h3></br><h3>便是明清时期</h3></br><h3>全国金融中心之一</h3></br><h3>(山西<a data-address="%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81%E6%99%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%B3%E9%81%A5%E5%8E%BF%E7%8E%AF%E5%9F%8E%E8%A5%BF%E8%B7%AF" data-city="" data-id="0.6064475442381316" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0xJl02IFSdVZAst9U3UVEcA0JLAsQOfGhTiaVYVjkRXQnUYibEZEbyibLw%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="37.204090118" data-longitude="112.183708191" data-name="%E5%B9%B3%E9%81%A5%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="11449237779286012538" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">平遥古城</a>航拍,摄影师@翟鸿宇)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>而商业性城池数量最多的</h3></br><h3>还属长江中下游</h3></br><h3><strong>苏州</strong><br></br></h3></br><h3>便是其中的代表</h3></br><h3>它城池方正</h3></br><h3>内部结合江南水乡的环境</h3></br><h3>采用水路、陆路并行</h3></br><h3>呈现“双棋盘格局”</h3></br><h3>至今在苏州的卫星图上清晰可见</h3></br><h3>(<a data-address="%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E5%A7%91%E8%8B%8F%E5%8C%BA%E7%99%BD%E5%A1%94%E4%B8%9C%E8%B7%AF65%E5%8F%B7" data-city="" data-id="0.8869557706412039" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0BE42Zzzb5Wxb1oGmAKq2wRXRiaPks7eDYmo6IMuu2Z4tLoB9ZLNmc2Q%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="31.313938141" data-longitude="120.633560181" data-name="%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B9%B3%E6%B1%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%A1%97%E5%8C%BA" data-poiid="15492531178024763758" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">苏州古城</a>的双棋盘式格局,制图@陈随/星球研究所,卫星图源自高德地图)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>沿海港口城市</h3></br><h3>也随着海外贸易而崛起<br></br></h3></br><h3>例如福建<strong>泉州城</strong></h3></br><h3>在历史上</h3></br><h3>泉州城随着经济发展</h3></br><h3>不断扩建</h3></br><h3>同时因为闽南建筑多用红砖红瓦</h3></br><h3>而使得卫星图上的泉州</h3></br><h3>成了一个不规则的红顶子城池</h3></br><h3>现在泉州的环城路、护城河</h3></br><h3>仍大致反映了原来城池的形态</h3></br><h3>(<a data-address="%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E9%B2%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%20" data-city="" data-id="0.7450346091306306" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0l3jUIlbWwPIRD4HIfCKbPM1CSjQGz8EicJDDV7R36cNoDuc7P61kOgw%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="24.918796539" data-longitude="118.601013184" data-name="%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%8A%9E" data-poiid="9955990112182200959" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">泉州</a>卫星图,源自@高德地图)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>第三</h3></br><h3>这一时期还是玉米、番薯等</h3></br><h3>高产农作物引入的时期</h3></br><h3>全国人口增加</h3></br><h3><strong>府县城</strong>数量也大为增加</h3></br><h3>同时因为火药在战争中的应用</h3></br><h3>各地普遍重视城防</h3></br><h3>城池往往坚固而高大</h3></br><h3>在河北永年县</h3></br><h3>明代广平府的治所<strong>广府古城</strong></h3></br><h3>方方正正、城壕宽阔</h3></br>(河北邯郸<a data-address="%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81%E9%82%AF%E9%83%B8%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%B8%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%BA%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%95%87%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%93%E7%BA%BF" data-city="" data-id="0.6149002137188417" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0OpE7cEbficax9sy3sRqWMK6AHnk92VI65XbRcypjsmxgnibD8thwvtwA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="36.700958252" data-longitude="114.730690002" data-name="%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="17164324247671024479" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">广府古城</a>航拍,摄影师@陈肖)<strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong><h3> <h3>在湖北襄阳</h3></br><h3><strong>襄阳古城</strong>易守难攻</h3></br><h3>人称“铁打的襄阳”</h3></br><h3>(请横屏观看,湖北<a data-address="%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81%E8%A5%84%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%84%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%20" data-city="" data-id="0.9402298899182842" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0o8bP4XHgwydXV5rohrWKdBqPlCLbAEia9mwX8fyPziatpCFnVsMqIPiaw%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="32.020530701" data-longitude="112.146011353" data-name="%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93" data-poiid="341084334174170844" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">襄阳古城</a>航拍,摄影师@颜京利)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>在陕西西安</h3></br><h3><strong>明清西安城</strong>呈长方形</h3></br><h3>城墙高12米、顶宽12-15米</h3></br><h3>是中国现存最大最完整的府城</h3></br><h3>(请横屏观看,西安城航拍,摄影师@苟秉宸)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>此外</h3></br><h3>宋元明清还是</h3></br><h3>中国西南与东南边疆大开发的时期</h3></br><h3>现今云贵地区的县治中</h3></br><h3>90%以上为这一时期设置</h3></br><h3>部分早期的城池</h3></br><h3>则进行了全新的建设</h3></br><h3>例如作为西南的区域中心之一的</h3></br><h3><strong>大理古城</strong></h3></br><h3>现有街道为明清城池的格局</h3></br><h3>外形方方正正</h3></br><h3>(请横屏观看,<a data-address="%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%99%BD%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B8%82%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E9%95%87" data-city="" data-id="0.9168375843546046" data-img="https%3A%2F%2Fmmbiz.qlogo.cn%2Fmmbiz_png%2FPziaXk2Dvl05VeQWibyJy98HHkjGn8nlN0OVk026UlsNThibicINWLIK0w8pkzABtdU2pBGChJAicdqbuBgD5mPKuaA%2F0%3Fwx_fmt%3Dpng" data-latitude="25.69547081" data-longitude="100.165496826" data-name="%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" data-poiid="18434179283802290845" data-province="" data-type="1" href="">大理古城</a>航拍,摄影师@姜轲)<br></br></h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <h3>而台湾于清代设府</h3></br><h3>位于最南部的<strong>恒春县城</strong></h3></br><h3>建于清末</h3></br><h3>其依山面海</h3></br><h3>台湾海峡、南海、太平洋</h3></br><h3>皆可收入眼中</h3></br><h3>(台湾省屏东县恒春古城卫星图,源自@Esri Image Map)</h3></br><h3><strong><strong><strong>▼</strong></strong></strong></h3></br><h3> <p>至此</p><p><br></p><p>从周代的理想之城</p><p><br></p><p>到秦汉隋唐的盛世之城</p><p><br></p><p>再到宋元明清的千城崛起</p><p><br></p><p>200亿中国人</p><p><br></p><p>创造了这些伟大的城池</p><p><br></p><p>了解这段造城史</p><p><br></p><p>就是了解华夏文明的上下五千年</p><p><br></p><p>守护这些城池</p><p><br></p><p>就是守护华夏文明在大地上</p><p><br></p><p>最丰富的遗产</p><p><br></p><p>本文创作团队撰稿:所长编辑:撸书猫图片:谢禹涵地图:陈思琦设计:陈随审校:撸书猫、李张子薇封面摄影师:王生晖【参考文献】</p><p><br></p><p>1. 贺业钜,《中国古代城市规划史》,中国建筑工业出版社,19962. 董鉴泓,《中国城市建设史》,中国建筑工业出版社,20043. 张驭寰,《中国城池史》,中国友谊出版公司,20154. 杨国庆,《中国古城墙》,江苏人民出版社,20175. 刘莉等,《中国考古学》,三联书店,20176. 何昊,《甘青宁地区汉代城址研究》,吉林大学,20167. 殷晓磊,《宋以前中国南疆地区古城分布及形态的初步研究》,上海师范大学,20118. 李严等,《明长城九边重镇防御体系与军事聚落》,中国建筑工业出版社。</p> <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/z85a7UubkXzGMRu4OQxyug" >查看原文</a> 原文转载自微信公众号,著作权归作者所有