2020.6.25<div>端午节安排爬山，入住温泉酒店，Eric看到可以泡温泉强烈要求泡温泉，因为可以尽情玩水。泡温泉，必须得了解下什么是温泉，必然会扯到水循环，所以先简单了解一下吧。</div> <b>1. What Is a Spring?</b><br>Groundwater begins as rain and snow, seeping deep into the ground until it hits solid rock and can go no further. Collecting in underground pools called aquifers /ˈækwɪfər/畜水层, groundwater eventually rises back up to the surface through cracks in the earth's crust called vents.<br> Places where groundwater pools on the ground are called springs. Yes, it's where we get the fancy word spring to describe bottled water. Not all spring water is clean enough to drink. Like all water sources, springs can be contaminated by pollutants or contain unsafe levels of minerals or bacteria. And only very few springs produce water hot enough to earn the name hot spring.<div><br></div><div><b>2. What is a Hot Spring?</b><br></div> A hot spring is a spring of geothermally heated water that rises from the Earth's crust to the surface. Also referred to as thermal or geothermal springs, hot springs vary in size and produce water that ranges in temperature from warm to very hot.<div><b><br></b></div><div><b>3. Formation of hot spring</b><br></div> Hot springs can form in several ways, but most commonly occur when rainwater or groundwater is heated by magma underneath Earth's surface. Cracks or faults in the Earth's surface allow water to flow deeper towards the mantle, where it comes in contact with hot rocks that heat the water. Underground pressure then forces the hot water upwards, back to the Earth's surface through the same cracks or faults. The amount of underground pressure determines how fast and how far the hot water flows. This type of hot spring usually forms in areas with volcanic activity.<br><br>Hot springs can also be formed when absorbed rainwater is heated underground by the radioactive decay of elements present in the rock. For every 1,000 feet of depth, the groundwater is heated by an additional 15 °F. Additionally, the hot water becomes more viscous and rises up through cracks and faults to the Earth’s surface. As the hot water reaches the surface, it can flow slowly or quickly depending on the amount of underground pressure. Generally, the flow rate of hot springs differs depending on the volume of underground water and the amount of underground pressure.<br><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>4. Uses of Hot Springs</b><br></div> <ul><li>Hot springs can be popular tourist attractions for several reasons. For example, hot springs contain very high mineral content, including radium镭, lithium锂, and calcium钙, which some believe have medicinal values. </li><li>Hot springs are also sometimes included in rehabilitation /ˌriːəˌbɪlɪˈteɪʃn/复原 clinics for individuals with disabilities. Several spas have been created around hot springs, such as the JiuLongShan spas where we are now. </li><li>However, hot springs with very hot water can contain certain dangerous chemicals that are harmful to the body and can cause burns.</li></ul> <b>Notable Hot Springs</b><br>The largest hot spring in the world is the <b>Grand Prismatic Spring</b>, located in Yellowstone National Park, within the United States. The hot spring is approximately 110 m wide, 50 m deep, and has a flow rate of at least 2,100 L per minute. <br>The <b>Blood Pond</b> in Japan is characterized by bright red water caused by rust and has a high concentration of iron. Jigokudani is a volcanic hot spring in Japan, where snow monkeys are usually seen bathing. Other notable hot springs include Elizabeth Spring, Lava Hot Spring, and Glenwood Spring.<br><div><br></div><div><b>5. Natrual water cycle</b></div> 水循环过程。 <p><b>A summary of the water cycle</b></p><p>• The heat of the sun provides energy to make the water cycle work.</p><p>• The sun evaporates water from the oceans into water vapor.</p><p>• This invisible vapor rises into the atmosphere, where the air is colder.</p><p>• The colder air causes water vapor to condense into water droplets and clouds.</p><p>• Volcanoes can produce steam, which forms clouds.</p><p>• In the atmosphere, air currents move clouds all around the Earth.</p><p>• Water drops form in clouds, which then fall to Earth as precipitation (rain and snow).</p><p>• In cold climates, precipitation builds up as snow, ice, and glaciers.</p><p>• Snow can melt, becoming runoff, which flows into rivers, the oceans, and into the ground.</p><p>• Some ice evaporates directly into the air, skipping the melting phase (sublimation).</p><p>• Rainfall on land flows downhill as runoff, providing water to lakes, rivers, and the oceans.</p><p>• Some rain soaks into the ground, as infiltration, and, if deep enough, becomes groundwater.</p><p>• Water from lakes and rivers can seep into the ground.</p><p>• Water moves underground because of gravity and pressure.</p><p>• Groundwater close to the land surface is taken up by plants.</p><p>• Some groundwater seeps into rivers and lakes, and can flow to the surface as springs.</p><p>• Plants take up groundwater and evapotranspire, or evaporate, it from their leaves.</p><p>• Some groundwater goes very deep into the ground and stays there for a long time.</p><p>• Groundwater flows into the oceans, keeping the water cycle going.</p><p>跟Eric讨论温泉怎么形成的，他自己理解是地下的石头很烫，把水加热了，确实是这么回事，赶紧跟他说那是mantel，又扯到magma，聊了几块钱的。他说他要画水循环过程，画的只有自己看的懂，sea的水直接通过水管连接到地下，还要加上一些阀门，哥们，我们讨论的时候是这么回事么。</p> <p>山里安静的夜，端午安康。</p>