20200424-26打卡D771-773万思乐学Vlearn小西妈双语工程1801期136号Damon

美友47485781

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硬币

地位

制作

小西

神树

透明胶

20200424

26

D771

三天的卡

玩伴太多，读书各种都打乱了，

按他自己的兴趣，开始听读疯校和神树

牛八《pocket money》拓展

初步了解硬币制作流程

Introduction

An ordinary piece of paper isn't worth a lot, but a piece of paper money can be worth thousands of dollars. A check can be worth millions. Each printed bill is worth much more than the paper it's printed on. But why? Where did the money come from? And what makes money so valuable?

Money is valuable because the people who make and use it agree that it is valuable.The government that issues 发行 it,the mint that prints it, the banks that hold it， and the people who buy and sell things with it all agree that money is worth something.

The history of money is the fascinating story of how people changed from trading valuable objects to treating objects that represented their values. It also tells how technology creates "invisible money " that allows people to trade goods and materials around the world.

Bartering以物易物

Thousands of years ago, people used to barter ,or directly trade their goods with each other. People living near the ocean had fish and salt, which they traded with people living near the mountains who had fruits, wood and furs.The barter system continues today. If you trade an apple from your lunch for someone else 's candy bar, you are bartering.

However, there are a couple of problems with bartering. You might want some goods or valuable objects from someone, but they might not want the goods that you have. Additionally, many items are heavy ,hard to carry or don't last long.

Bartering allowed people to trade for products they couldn't get on their own.

Currency allows people to trade objects without carrying them around.

Minting coins.硬币制作

Coins are harder to make than you might think. Once the government decides to produce new coins. These are just some of the steps that must happen.

1. A designer draws a picture of the coin's two sides on a large piece of paper. 
2. Sculptors make a large three-dimensional model of the coin. An engraving 雕刻 machine uses the model to make a die， or coin stamp. The die is sent to mints, or factories that produce coins, 
3. Mints cut blank coins ,called blanks ,from a rolled-up sheet of the right kind of metal. The sheet can be as long as five football fields, 
4. the blanks are heated, cooled, washed and dried. 
5. A machine called an upsetting mill creates the raised edge of the coin. 
6. The coin press stamps the pattern from the die into the coin.
7. Inspectors make sure that there are no mistakes in the coin. incorrectly made coins get melted down and recycled.
8. The coins are sent out to banks in armored trucks.

Money is:

•a unit of account;

•a store of value;

•a method of exchange.

Do These Make Good Money?

Camels

Used in Arabia and Egypt as a sign of status.

/ˈsteɪtəs/ 地位Your status is your social or professional position. 社会地位; 职业地位

Shells

Used in parts of West Africa until mid-19th century.

Bitcoin比特币

Used to exchange things online since 2009.

What Makes Money Valuable?

Early money had intrinsic/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/ 内在的本质的 value – e.g. a gold coin.

This was used in the UK until 1931.

You could, in theory, take a bank note to the Bank of England and demand gold in exchange.

Now we have left the gold standard, and the value of the pound is no longer tied to anything. It has no intrinsic value, it works on belief in the system.

If enough people are willing to accept the pound, it works as a currency.

How is Money Created?

•Banks – control how much money is in circulation.

•Minting – making physical coins.

•Printing – making paper money.

•Fractional reserve banking – i.e. borrowing and lending.

Example

If you give the bank £100, then you have £100 saved. But the bank does not keep all of it, it can lend some of it. If the bank then lends £90 to someone else, then they have £90 in addition to your £100, so £190 in total.

Key point: the bank doesn’t keep all of the money put in all of the time – it lends it and grows it – so if everyone’s trust in the bank broke down and everyone tried to withdraw their money at once, the system would break.

How is Money Created?

What would happen if everyone could create their own money?

Hyperinflation – there would be so much money that it would lose its value – and people’s belief in it would break down.

For example, in Germany after the First World War people would take their wages home in wheelbarrows and children played with money because the government printed so much of it.

Budgeting

What is a budget?

A plan for what you will spend – with a timescale.

Why budget?

•Puts you in control.

•Understand your spending better.

•It allows us to save for the future.

•Provides financial security.

•You can buy more of the things you like.

How Do We Budget?

•Set Your Goals

•Identify and list your sources of income.

•Identify and list your expenses.

•Adjust expenses, income or timescale to achieve your goal.

Budgeting Exercise

What will you spend your money on? (e.g. phone, car, house)

•How much do these things cost?

•How much would you have to save to buy this?

•How long would it take to save enough money?

Example:

•Income – from your job: £1200 per month

•Living – a shared house: £400 per month

•Travel – public transport: £70 per month

•Food – eating out once a week: £180 per month

•Tax – council tax and utilities: £150 per month

•Fun – hobbies & going out etc.: £200 per month

Budgeting Exercise

•How much per month in total?

•What’s left over?

•How many months will it take to save up to your target?

Key point: you can adjust your income (harder), or how much you save and spend (easier) to achieve your targets more quickly.

What kind of spender are you? Do you spend first and save later or save first and spend later?

We recommend saving 20% of what you earn.

Medieva...l /ˌmɛdɪˈiːvəl/Crown

To recreate the majesty权威/陛下 of the kings and queens of medi Europe中世纪的欧洲,we made this wearable /ˈwɛərəbəl/ crown craft made out of strips of construction paper.

We need :

Yellow，gold and black construction paper

An old shopping bag（for reuse）

Gold cellophane/ˈsɛləfeɪn/ 玻璃纸包装纸

Scissors

Glue

Hole punch

Transparent tape

Things to decorate the crown with: sequins, rhinestones, plastic gems, glitter glue, tinsel paper, etc.

• Cut out 2 inch wide strip down the old paper bag long enough to go around your head.I measured Damon's head with the paper.Glue the ends of the strip together to form a circle.This piece will be the crown's base so the construction paper should be thick or heavyweight/ˈhɛvɪˌweɪt/ for a sturdy crown.
  
• Cut a strip down the cellophane as same long as the first strip but a bit wider than that.Wrap the first strip up with the cellophane and tape the backside with the scotch tape透明胶带.
  

• Cut out a pair of strips of black construction paper.Glue the first strip across the middle section of the base. This strip will define the crown's fit on your head and should follow your head's contour /ˈkɒntʊə/ 轮廓. Try on the crown and adjust the strip's position while the glue hasn't quite set yet.Position the second strip perpendicular /ˌpɜːpənˈdɪkjʊlə/ 垂直的 to, and at roughly the same height as the first. Glue the ends in place.
• Cut 6 strips to yellow construction paper，make sure the length of them are just well-anchored since they form the supports.Reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/ 加固 each strip's connection to the base with tape at the position that divide the circle into six equal parts.Try to glue the strips at the same height along the base inside.
• Curve out the strips on one end and punch a hole near the tip.Punch a hole at the center of the supports.I don't have any fastener,so I threaded the rope of the old shopping bag into all the holes to tie them together.
• Create a cross crown topper by cutting out a pair of identical crosses from yellow construction paper. Include a tab or rectangular extention at the base of each cross. Crease along the bottom tab. Glue the crosses together except at the bottom tabs. The crosses should be aligned /əˈlaɪn/ 对齐at the edges. Fold out the bottom tabs.Glue the crown topper to the yellow strips.
• Decorate our crown with rhinestones, plastic gems,pearls.（gem-style stickers）
• Try on the magnificent medi royal crown!

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