疫情心理健康小知识

海洁

<h3>一、疫情压力下常见的心理反应:<br></h3><h3></section></h3><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;">新冠肺炎对我们每个人来说,都是一种强烈的应激情境,需要我们对环境威胁和挑战做出反应。应激反应通常表现在认知、 情绪、行为和躯体症状等多个方面,本次疫情中比较突出的心理应激反应有下述几种:</h3></section> <section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">焦虑</strong></span></h3></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">焦虑是最常出现的一种情绪性应激反应。由于本次疫情疾病传播源的隐蔽性,病毒感染的不确定性,当人们不知道如何进行有效防范的时候,就会感到高度紧张焦虑。其主要表现为对未知过度担心,惶恐不安,对外界刺激敏感,注意力难以集中,易受干扰,情绪不稳定,易激惹,心神不安、睡眠变差、失控感等,有的还会出现出汗、心跳加快、 尿频尿急、口干、胃部不适等神经功能紊乱的表现。</h3></section> <h3><font color="#010101"><section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">疑病</strong></h3></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">面对疫情的不断发展,一些人可能出现疑病症状,表现为对自己身体的各种感觉特别敏感,时常会将身体的各种不舒服与新冠肺炎联系起来,怀疑自己是否生病。在当前形势下,我们当然要关注自己有无发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难等身体感受,这是再正常、再自然不过的事情。</h3></section></font></h3> <h3><font color="#010101"><section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不确定感</strong></h3></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不确定感与一个人对其所处情境的掌控有密切的关系。当我们不能控制对自身有威胁的危险刺激,或者认为自己在某种环境中会失控时,就有可能进入应激反应状态。</h3></section></font></h3> <h3><font color="#010101"><section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">恐惧</strong></h3></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">面对患病的危险和生命的不确定,我们的生存本能会让我们感到恐惧害怕,特别是在信息爆炸的年代,很多时候我们都会自觉或不自觉地被淹没在与新冠肺炎相关的信息流中,关注着网络,看着朋友圈,越看越担心,越看越害怕。这种恐惧焦虑情绪将会激活我们的交感神经系统,可能导致我们的原有症状加重,甚至继发性地出现心慌气短、头晕乏力、“濒死感”等躯体症状。</h3></section></font></h3> <h3><font color="#010101"><section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">替代性创伤</strong></h3></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">替代性创伤这一概念最初是指专业心理治疗者因长期接触患者,受到了咨访关系的互动影响,而出现了与来访者类似病症的现象。简单地说,当某人在了解他人所经历的灾难时,由于投注于那些引起压力的内容,而感受到巨大压力,即便悲剧中的受害者与你没有直接的联系,你也可以体验替代性的创伤。</h3></section></font></h3> <h3>二、自我调节技术</h3> <section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(一)识别自己的想法</strong></h3></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">情绪不是由发生的事件本身引起的,而是由我们对这个事件的评估、判断和想法决定的。<span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">当我们能够相对精准地识别自己的情绪时,就可以试着去探索导致这些情绪的想法。</span></h3></section> <section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(二)区分想法和事实</strong></h3></section></section><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">面对外界侵入的信息,人们有时会不加分析地信以为真,尤其在面临外在压力具有较高的负性情绪时更容易出现这一情况。<span style="max-width: 100%; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这增加了我们的焦虑、恐惧和失控感。想法是指假设、描述、观点、判断甚至是猜测等,它们可能被证实或者证伪。所以, 如何区别想法与事实、进而分辨想象中的危险与现实的危险,是我们避免陷入负性情绪旋涡,重获生活掌控感的关键。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这要求我们在面对外在威胁,出现焦虑或恐惧情绪时,能够暂停惯性思维,学会区分想法与事实。</h3></section> <h3><font color="#010101"><section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.8; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(三)替代和重构功能不良的认知</strong></h3></section></section></font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font color="#010101">不是所有的自动化思维都是歪曲的,也不是所有的负性情绪都是在杞人忧天。如果你面对的是真老虎,认知上警报大作,情绪上恐惧紧张,那都是再正常不过的适应性反应。</font></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><font color="#010101"></font><span style="color: rgb(1, 1, 1); text-indent: 2em;">遗憾的是,在面临高度压力的应激状态下,我们特别容易犯“见猫成虎”的认知错误,夸大实际发生的危险。什么情况下你可以认为自己的想法出了问题呢?主要看功能, 如果你因为负性的自动化思维及其导致的情绪,出现了坐立不安、夜不能寐、食不知味的现象,既做不了想做的事,也做不了该做的事,同时还和周围大多数人的反应不同,那就到了该改变这些想法的时候了。</span></h3></section> <h3><font color="#010101"><section style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 2; text-align: justify; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(四)维持生活的原样是最好的降虑药</strong></h3></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">应激状态下,焦虑和恐惧情绪的诱发点是对现状和未来的失控感。实际上,人类是从日常生活的点点滴滴中获得对生活的控制感的。因此,尽管处于在家禁足,不敢外出的状态,在生活其他的方方面面维持原状对一个人的心理稳定就变得尤为重要。我们可以做到的是保持规律的作息时间,营养均衡的饮食,在家进行各种运动锻炼和娱乐。如果家中有更小的孩子,在关注他们身体健康的同时也要关注他们的心理状况。</h3></section></font></h3> <h3></section></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“防疫战” 已经打响。</strong></h3><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; 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