(16)《作为教育任务的数学》读书笔记

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<h3>第18章,概率和统计</h3> <h3>1..作者再次强调,学生学习的数学和生活的密切联系。学生固然要学会区分数学和现实,这有助于学生更好地理解数学和现实。但是教师不应该把它们分开来教给学生。而应该等到数学和现实在学生头脑中有了较强的联系,不会因为分割而使任何一方受损的时候,让学生自己去学习分割。</h3><h3>为什么学过数学的人在使用数学的时候往往会陷入困境?</h3><h3>通过列举计算概率的例子,作者提出,想解决上面的问题,从数学和教育的角度来看,数学应该不是获得答案所需的现成的数学,而是为了得出答案,而必须重新发现或再创造的数学。</h3> <h3>2.概率教学中数学化的一个例子</h3><h3>作者介绍了开展概率教学的一个例子。教师要求学生画一张赛马成绩预测表,并填写表格,填好后与教师事先填好的那张对照,完全一致的为中奖者。</h3><h3>然后根据情况提出问题,如果班级里有100名学生,那是否可能有人中奖?如果是1000名一万名呢?</h3><h3>接下来讨论如果只有一场比赛,两场比赛,三场比赛等等的赛马问题会怎么样呢?最后学生理解有13场比赛,结果全部猜中的概率到底是什么含义?</h3> <h3>3.概率学习中的语言表达问题</h3><h3>有一个容易忽略的事实是概率中的同一个问题,常常可以化为多个实质相同,但外貌又完全不同的问题,为了使学生了解概率的运用,应该多让学生练习如何识别问题的实质。这种识别能力不是从形式定义中可以学来的,只有通过实践才能获得。</h3> <h3>第19章逻辑</h3><h3><br></h3> <h3>1,什么是逻辑?</h3><h3>传统的提法是逻辑和思维有关,如果我们把思维作为我们思维的对象,那就是在研究逻辑。</h3><h3>逻辑学家们认为逻辑是一门形式体系的学科。</h3><h3>我们讨论的仍然是传统的逻辑的含义。</h3> <h3>2 逻辑的程式化与形式化。</h3><h3>思维的外显表达就是语言,在某种程度上,思维本身也就是一种自言自语。</h3><h3>当思维仅仅是思维的对象,是我把他称为“程式化“;当语言的明确表达带有一种数学特点,尤其是在追求一种数学上无可挑剔的语言时,我把它称为“形式化"。</h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">几</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">何</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">中</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">注</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">重</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">思</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">维模式,更倾向程式化;代数注重掌握语言</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">,</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">更</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">倾</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">向</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">于</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">形</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">式</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">化</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">。</span><br></h3> <h3>3.如何教</h3><h3>只有抓住逻辑分析的机会,即分析思维情境的机会,才是讲解逻辑概念最好的教学途径。日常生活中的思维情境太简单了,用来训练数学不合适,还是复杂一些的思维情境合适,因为它们显示出更多可数学化的特征。</h3> <h3>4 形式化~数学语言的结构。</h3><h3>日常语言,数学么式语言,形式化语言,三者存在很大不同。强调细节时形式化语言更具优势,强调整体理解时,改造过的日常语言更有效。</h3><h3>要想让学生学习形式化,就应该提出一些迫切需要形式化的问题,让学生亲身经历他们的形式化过程,而不是让他们去面对结果量词及量词之间的约束方式很难掌握。</h3><h3>数学学习中,需要将三种语言实行转化。</h3> <h3>5.锻炼一下思维</h3><h3>Ⅴ×~ V中存在一个x</h3><h3>∧x~V中所有的x</h3><h3>关系K xK少表示x是y的一个孩子</h3><h3>那么 下面的表达?</h3><p style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">∨x∨yxKy:x是y的一个孩子。即某人是一个孩子。</h3><p style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">∨y∨xxKy:y有一个孩子是x。即某人有一个孩子。</h3><p style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">∨x∧yxKy:存在一个x适用于所有y,x是所有y的孩子。即某人是每个人的孩子。</h3><p style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">∨y∧xxKy:所有的x是y的孩子。某人以每个人为他的孩子</h3><p style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">∧x∨yxKy:对所有的x存在一个y,x是y的一个孩子。即每个人都是某人的孩子。<br></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">语言表达训练法……</h3><p style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></h3>

数学

形式化

思维

学生

语言

逻辑

孩子

概率

某人

一个