<section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="91500" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="max-width: 100%; width: 368px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="padding-left: 45px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; background-image: url("https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fgnkxfGnnkTmY2nSxFDmicLibRyLocyicnPWLIv76fFAKW5Fcd9YvjuNyG63tNFMqk6n7RpzS4vO33Andq4dzB6MQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"); height: 40px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(124, 204, 214); line-height: 50px; color: rgb(124, 204, 214); font-size: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">一、病因及发病机制</section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">AD的发病与遗传和环境等因素关系密切[8]。父母亲等家族成员有过敏性疾病史是本病的最强风险因素[6],遗传因素主要影响皮肤屏障功能与免疫平衡。本病患者往往有多种免疫学异常,其中Th2细胞活化为重要特征,还可有皮肤屏障功能减弱或破坏如表皮中聚丝蛋白(filaggrin)减少或缺失。环境因素包括气候变化、生活方式改变、不正确的洗浴、感染原和变应原刺激等。现代生活方式(过于卫生、西式饮食等)及环境暴露(环境污染、被动吸烟等)等可能通过表观遗传修饰引起免疫系统与皮肤屏障异常,参与AD的发病[9-10]。此外,心理因素(如精神紧张、焦虑、抑郁等)也在AD的发病中发挥一定作用[8,11]。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">虽然AD的确切发病机制尚不清楚,但目前研究认为,免疫异常、皮肤屏障功能障碍、皮肤菌群紊乱等因素是本病发病的重要环节。Th2型炎症是AD的基本特征,IL-4和IL-13是介导AD发病的重要细胞因子[12],主要由Th2细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和2型固有淋巴样细胞(innate lymphoid cells)等产生。在AD的慢性期,皮损中还可见Th1、Th17和Th22的混合炎症浸润[13]。Filaggrin等基因突变导致的皮肤屏障功能障碍使外界环境物质(如微生物和过敏原)易于侵入表皮而启动Th2型炎症[14],朗格汉斯细胞和皮肤树突细胞通过对变应原的提呈参与了这一过程[15-17]。Th2型炎症因子可以抑制角质形成细胞屏障相关蛋白的表达,进一步破坏皮肤屏障功能[18]。AD皮损和外观正常皮肤常伴有以金黄色葡萄球菌定植增加和菌群多样性下降为主要表现的皮肤菌群紊乱[19],以及所导致的代谢等功能异常[20],促进了皮肤炎症的进展。反复搔抓是导致皮肤炎症加重和持续的重要原因,搔抓促使角质形成细胞产生炎症介质,也会导致自身抗原释放,产生针对自身抗原的IgE[21]。非免疫性因素如神经-内分泌因素也可参与皮肤炎症的发生和发展[8,11,22]。</span></section> <section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="91500" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="max-width: 100%; width: 368px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="padding-left: 45px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; background-image: url("https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fgnkxfGnnkTmY2nSxFDmicLibRyLocyicnPWLIv76fFAKW5Fcd9YvjuNyG63tNFMqk6n7RpzS4vO33Andq4dzB6MQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"); height: 40px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(124, 204, 214); line-height: 50px; color: rgb(124, 204, 214); font-size: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">二、临床表现</section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">本病通常初发于婴儿期,1岁前发病者约占全部患者的50%,但近来发现,晚发患者并不少见。该病呈慢性经过,临床表现多种多样,最基本的特征是皮肤干燥、慢性湿疹样皮损和明显瘙痒。我国儿童AD患者病情严重度大多为轻度(74.6%),其次为中度(23.96%),重度较少(1.44%)[6]。根据在不同年龄段的表现,分为婴儿期(出生至2岁)、儿童期(> 2 ~ 12岁)、青少年与成人期(> 12 ~ 60岁)和老年期(> 60岁)四个阶段。婴儿期:皮损多分布于两颊、额部和头皮,皮疹以急性湿疹表现为主,后逐渐蔓延至四肢伸侧;儿童期:多由婴儿期演变而来,也可不经过婴儿期而发生,多发生于面颈、肘窝、腘窝和小腿伸侧,以亚急性和慢性皮损为主要表现,皮疹往往干燥肥厚,有明显苔藓样变;青少年与成人期:皮损与儿童期类似,也以亚急性和慢性皮炎为主,主要发生在肘窝、腘窝、颈前等部位,也可发生于躯干、四肢、面部、手部,大部分呈干燥、肥厚性皮炎损害,部分患者也可表现为痒疹样;老年期是近几年来逐渐被重视的一个特殊类型,男性多于女性,皮疹通常严重而泛发,甚至出现红皮病[23]。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">根据实验室检查特征和皮肤炎症模式,可将AD分为若干类型:①根据总IgE水平和是否有特异性IgE,分为内源型和外源型,内源型指血清总IgE水平正常(<200 KU/L),无特应性疾病史,缺乏过敏原特异性IgE;外源型指以高水平IgE为特征,有个人或家族性的特应性疾病史及食物和/或吸入性过敏原特异性IgE水平增高[24];②根据皮肤炎症模式,分为以Th2、Th22、Th17和Th1为主,或者几种混合的炎症模式,如儿童期AD以Th2型炎症为主,而成人期AD则以Th2/Th22型混合炎症为主,亚裔以Th2/Th17混合炎症为主[25]。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">AD患者有一些有助于疾病诊断的特征性表现,包括皮肤干燥、鱼鳞病、毛周角化、掌纹症、手足部皮炎/湿疹、眼睑湿疹、乳头湿疹、唇炎、复发性结膜炎、眶下褶痕、鼻下和耳根皱褶处湿疹、眶周黑晕、白色糠疹、出汗时瘙痒、对羊毛敏感、过度虫咬反应、白色划痕等。部分患者可同时有其他过敏性疾病,如过敏性哮喘、过敏性鼻结膜炎等。我国研究数据显示,16.7%的AD患者同时患有哮喘,33.7%同时患有过敏性鼻结膜炎,这些皮肤以外过敏性疾病的发病率随着年龄的增长而增长[26]。此外,由于长期慢性炎症反应,慢性病程患者合并发生精神神经系统疾病、炎性肠病、类风湿性关节炎、心血管疾病和淋巴瘤风险明显增高[27-29]。</span></section> <section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="91500" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="max-width: 100%; width: 368px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="padding-left: 45px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; background-image: url("https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fgnkxfGnnkTmY2nSxFDmicLibRyLocyicnPWLIv76fFAKW5Fcd9YvjuNyG63tNFMqk6n7RpzS4vO33Andq4dzB6MQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"); height: 40px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(124, 204, 214); line-height: 50px; color: rgb(124, 204, 214); font-size: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">三、AD的诊断</section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">如果患者表现为湿疹样皮损,应当怀疑有AD的可能,需详细询问病史、家族史,结合临床表现和全面体检进行诊断。必要时进行外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数、血清总IgE、过敏原特异性IgE、嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白及斑贴试验等检测。AD是一种异质性疾病,表现多种多样,诊断需要一定标准。目前国外常用的诊断标准包括Hanifin-Rajka标准[30]和Williams标准(主要标准:皮肤瘙痒;次要标准:① 屈侧受累史,包括肘窝、腘窝、踝前、颈部(10岁以下儿童包括颊部皮疹);② 哮喘或过敏性鼻炎史(或在4岁以下儿童的一级亲属中有特应性疾病史);③ 近年来全身皮肤干燥史;④ 有屈侧湿疹(4岁以下儿童面颊部/前额和四肢伸侧湿疹);⑤2岁前发病(适用于 > 4岁患者)。确定诊断:主要标准 + 3条或3条以上次要标准)[31]。我国学者康克非[32]、张建中等[33]和姚志荣等[7,34]也提出了诊断标准。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">张建中等[33]提出的中国AD诊断标准:①病程超过6个月的对称性湿疹;②特应性个人史和/或家族史(包括湿疹、过敏性鼻炎、哮喘、过敏性结膜炎等);③血清总IgE升高和/或外周血嗜酸性粒细胞升高和/或过敏原特异性IgE阳性(过敏原特异性IgE检测2级或2级以上阳性)。符合第1条,另外加第2条或第3条中的任何1条即可诊断AD。此标准在诊断青少年和成人AD方面敏感性高于Hanifin-Rajka标准和Williams标准。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">姚志荣等[34]提出的中国儿童AD临床诊断标准:①瘙痒;②典型的形态和部位(屈侧皮炎)或不典型的形态和部位同时伴发干皮症;③慢性或慢性复发性病程。同时具备以上3条即可诊断AD。典型的形态和部位(屈侧皮炎)包括儿童面部和肢端受累;非典型的形态和部位包括:①典型的湿疹样皮疹,发生在非屈侧部位(头皮皮炎、眼睑湿疹、乳头湿疹、外阴湿疹、钱币状湿疹、指尖湿疹、非特异性手部或足部皮炎/特应性冬季足、甲或甲周湿疹和身体其他部位的湿疹样皮疹);②非典型湿疹样皮疹,单纯糠疹、唇炎、耳下和耳后/鼻下裂隙、痒疹、汗疱疹、丘疹性苔藓样变异。此标准的敏感性也高于Hanifin-Rajka标准和Williams标准。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">Williams标准在过去数年中应用较广。张氏标准推荐用于成人/青少年AD的诊断,姚氏标准推荐用于儿童AD的诊断。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">AD有典型表现者诊断并不困难,但临床上有部分患者临床表现不典型,勿轻易排除AD的诊断,应当仔细检查和问诊,必要时进行长期随访。 </span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">AD的鉴别诊断包括脂溢性皮炎、接触性皮炎、银屑病、鱼鳞病、疥疮、副银屑病、嗜酸性粒细胞增多性皮炎、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤、Netherton综合征、高IgE综合征、朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症、Wiskott-Aldrick综合征、AD样移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)等。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">AD严重度的评价方法较多,常用的有AD评分(SCORAD)、湿疹面积和严重程度指数评分(EASI)、研究者整体评分法(IGA)、瘙痒程度视觉模拟尺评分(VAS)等。根据SCORAD评分,将病情分为轻度(SCORAD:0 ~ 24分)、中度(SCORAD:25 ~ 50分)、重度(SCORAD:> 50分)。疾病严重度评估可作为制定治疗方案的依据。</span></section><h3><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3> <section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="91500" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="max-width: 100%; width: 368px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="padding-left: 45px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; background-image: url("https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/fgnkxfGnnkTmY2nSxFDmicLibRyLocyicnPWLIv76fFAKW5Fcd9YvjuNyG63tNFMqk6n7RpzS4vO33Andq4dzB6MQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg"); height: 40px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 40px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(124, 204, 214); line-height: 50px; color: rgb(124, 204, 214); font-size: 18px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">四、治疗与管理</section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">治疗的目的是缓解或消除临床症状,消除诱发和/或加重因素,减少和预防复发,减少或减轻合并症,提高患者的生活质量。正规和良好的治疗及疾病管理可使AD症状完全消退或显著改善,患者可享受正常生活。</span></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="90150" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 230.531px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); border-left-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); border-right-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p data-brushtype="text" style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(一)疾病管理与患者教育</h3></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">由于本病是慢性复发性疾病,需要长期治疗,应建立起良好的医患关系,通过对疾病全程管理获得最佳疗效。患者教育十分重要,医生应向患者和家属说明本病的性质、临床特点和注意事项。同时应与患者及家属详细分析寻找其发病病因和诱发加重因素(包括非特异性诱发因素,以及特异性过敏原诱发因素等),告知其回避策略。应对患者的病史、病程、皮损面积和严重程度等进行综合评估,确定治疗方案,力争在短期内控制疾病。医生还应向患者解释药物使用的方法,可期望疗效和可能的不良反应等。在随访过程中,医生应当仔细观察患者的病情变化,及时调整治疗方案,并通过维持治疗,尽可能长期控制症状,减少复发[35]。</span></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="90150" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 142.812px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); border-left-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); border-right-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p data-brushtype="text" style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(二)基础治疗</h3></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1. 洗浴:</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">合理的洗浴不仅可以去除皮肤表面污秽痂皮,还可以降低皮肤表面金黄色葡萄球菌定植数量。建议洗浴温度在32 ℃ ~ 37 ℃,洗浴时间5 ~ 10 min。推荐使用低敏无刺激的洁肤用品,其pH值最好接近正常表皮pH值(约为6)[36]。如皮损有感染倾向,可在盆浴时加入次氯酸钠(0.005%漂白粉浴)以抑制细菌活性,有助于病情缓解[37]。洗浴频度以每日或隔日1次为宜。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2. 恢复和保持皮肤屏障功能:</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">外用保湿润肤剂是AD的基础治疗,有助于恢复皮肤屏障功能[38-40]。保湿润肤剂不仅能阻止水分丢失,还能修复受损的皮肤屏障,减弱外源性不良因素的刺激,从而减少疾病的发作次数和严重度[41]。建议患者选用合适自己的保湿润肤剂[42],建议足量多次使用,沐浴后应该立即使用。冬季根据皮肤干燥情况可选用富含脂类的润肤剂。建议儿童每周用量至少100 g,成人每周用量250 g[43]。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3. 改善环境:</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">避免各种机械、化学物质刺激,如搔抓、摩擦,毛织物、酸性物质、漂白剂等刺激,及时清除汗液对皮肤的刺激;避免饮酒和辛辣食物;避免过度干燥和高温等刺激,适宜居住温度为18 ℃ ~ 22 ℃;控制环境中致敏物,如尘螨、动物皮屑、花粉等。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">4. 食物干预:</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">据研究,5岁以下儿童常见食物过敏原为牛奶、鸡蛋、小麦、花生和大豆;5岁以上儿童常见食物过敏原为坚果、贝壳类和鱼;青少年和成人食物过敏少见,个别人有花粉相关食物过敏,如桦树花粉相关的食物如苹果、芹菜、胡萝卜和榛果。如果食物和皮疹间的因果关系明确,建议避食4 ~ 6周,观察皮疹改善情况[44],如患者既往无严重过敏反应史,必要时进行食物激发试验。除非明确食物和发疹之间的因果关系,否则不推荐盲目避食,过度避食可导致营养不良。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">5. 避免接触过敏:</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">变态反应性接触性过敏反应在AD患者中常见,发生率约6% ~ 60%,常见的接触致敏物为镍、新霉素、香料、甲醛、防腐剂、羊毛脂和橡胶等。建议AD患者尽可能避免接触上述致敏物[45]。</span></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="90150" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; display: inline-block; width: 177.906px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 10px; border-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); border-left-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); border-right-color: rgb(197, 36, 36); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p data-brushtype="text" style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">(三)外用药物治疗</h3></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1. 外用糖皮质激素(topical corticosteroids,TCS):</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">TCS是AD的一线疗法。根据患者的年龄、皮损性质、部位及病情程度选择不同剂型和强度的糖皮质激素制剂,以快速有效控制炎症,减轻症状。TCS强度一般可分为四级(超强效:0.1%氟轻松乳膏、0.05%氯倍他索乳膏;强效:0.05%卤米松乳膏、0.05%二丙酸倍他米松乳膏、0.1%戊酸倍他米松乳膏、0.25%去羟米松软膏剂及乳膏;中效:0.05%丙酸氟替卡松乳膏、0.1%糠酸莫米松乳膏、0.1%丁酸氢化可的松乳膏、0.1%曲安奈德乳膏;弱效:氢化可的松乳膏、0.05%地奈德乳膏/软膏)[46],初治时应选用足够强度的制剂,以求在数天内迅速控制炎症,炎症控制后逐渐过渡到中弱效TCS或钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂(topical calcineurin inhibitors,TCI)。面颈部及皱褶部位推荐短期使用中弱效TCS。肥厚性皮损可选用封包疗法[47]。急性期泛发性严重或者顽固皮损推荐短期(通常3 d,时间不超过14 d)湿包治疗,可快速有效控制症状,该疗法特别适用于不宜系统用药的儿童患者[48-49],但要注意长期大面积使用TCS可能导致皮肤和系统不良反应。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">中重度或易复发AD患者皮损控制后,应过渡到长期“主动维持治疗”(proactive treatment),即在易复发的原有皮损区每周2次外用TCS或TCI,配合全身外用保湿润肤剂,能有效减少复发,减少外用糖皮质激素用量[50-51]。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">有不少患者过于担心外用糖皮质激素的不良反应,常常心存顾虑,甚至拒绝使用,医生要耐心解释正规使用药物的安全性、用药量、用药方法、用药频度、疗程、如何调整药物等,消除患者顾虑,提高治疗的依从性。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2. 外用TCI:</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">此类药物是治疗AD重要的抗炎药物,推荐用于面颈部、褶皱部位以及乳房、肛门外生殖器部位控制炎症与瘙痒症状或用于主动维持治疗减少复发[52]。1%吡美莫司乳膏多用于轻中度AD[53],0.03%(儿童用)与0.1%(成人用)他克莫司软膏用于中重度AD。TCI长期使用不会引起皮肤屏障破坏、皮肤萎缩等不良反应。不良反应主要为局部烧灼和刺激感,大部分患者可随用药时间延长而逐步消失;部分患者(特别是急性期时)不能耐受药物刺激反应,建议先用TCS控制急性症状后,转换为TCI维持治疗[54]。</span></section><section style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3. 其他外用药:</span></strong></span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">氧化锌油(糊)剂、黑豆馏油软膏等对AD也有效;生理氯化钠溶液及其他湿敷药物对于AD急性期的渗出有较好疗效;外用磷酸二酯酶4(PDE-4)抑制剂软膏已在美国获批治疗2岁及以上轻度至中度AD[55]。</span></section> <h3><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">引用本文】中华医学会皮肤性病学分会免疫学组 特应性皮炎协作研究中心. 中国特应性皮炎诊疗指南(2020版)[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2020, 53(2):81-88. doi:10.35541/cjd.20191000</span><br></h3> <h1><b style=""> 珀芙研官方商城</b></h1>