【陕西省第六批学科带头人培养对象———赵慧高中英语工作坊简报】第5期

静心慧语

<h1 style="text-align: center;"><b>充分利用教材内容</b></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><b>培养学生的写作能力</b></h1><h3><b><br></b></h3> <p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">摘 要:本文探讨《普通高中英语课程标准》(2017年版)对高中生的写作能力的要求,介绍如何利用现行教材内容对学生的写作能力进行培养,旨在提高学生的英语写作能力。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">关键词:写作能力;词汇;句型;连接词;教材</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">《普通高中英语课程标准》(2017年版)明确指出:语言技能是语言运用能力的重要组成部分。语言技能包括听、说、读、看、写等方面的技能。听、读、看是理解性技能,说和写是表达性技能。学生英通过大量的专项和综合性语言实践活动,发展语言技能,为真实语言交际打基础。在现行的人教版教材中,各个单元的话题都是训练学生写作输出能力的好材料,因此笔者在使用教材进行教学的实践过程中深刻体会到,应该充分利用教材内容对学生进行合理的写作指导,以提高学生的写作水平。</h3> <p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>一.加强教材词汇与句型训练,强化学生的写作基础</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 高中学生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五个方面的内容。而英语作文是由各种各样的词汇、短语、句型和语法有机结合起来表达某一话题。因此,在利用教材进行教学的过程中,教师应该帮助学生巩固词汇、句型及语法,为写作提供表达的基础。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>1、用每个单元所学的新词汇编故事</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 在人教版的教材中,每个单元中的Learning about language 这一练习中都有一道题目,要求学生用所给的单词完成一段文字,而所给的单词就是出现在阅读课文中的新单词。当指导学生完成这一道题目后,教师可以在所给的单词中适当添加常用的新词,要求学生利用这些词来编一个小故事。通过这样的训练,学生更加容易掌握所学单词的意思,另外遣词造句的能力也得到一定的提高。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>2、加强句型训练</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 在教材的课文当中出现了多种常用的句型,为了让学生掌握这些实用性强的句型,教师可采用各种操练形式,如听写、翻译、缺词填空和句型转换等。如下面一则句型转换:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp;At the party , the boys are allowed to eat and drink whatever they like, including wine.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; -----At the party, the boys are allowed to eat and drink anything that they like, wine included.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 另外,在教材每单元的课后练习中配有对该单元的重点语法进行强化的练习,如从句。在学生的作文当中用得较多的是定语从句、名词性从句及状语从句等,那么教师可充分利用这些练习对学生进行强化训练。如针对名词性从句设计的选词填空:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">Complete the passage by using the words in the box.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">why &nbsp;how &nbsp;who &nbsp;whether &nbsp;<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);">that &nbsp;if &nbsp;what</span></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><br></span></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; I am going to tell you 1 an unbelievable thing happened in my restaurant today.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; This afternoon a poorly-dressed gentleman came into my restaurant. Nobody knew 2 he was. After sitting down, he ordered a lot of food. He ate like a wolf. We wondered 3 he was so hungry. We were very surprised 4 he finished the two orders of food in a very limited time. Our doubt was 5 the man was able to pay for the food. When he was asked to pay the bill, the gentleman asked 6 we would mind waiting just a few minutes. Then we were shocked to see 7 he took out from the letter a million pound bank-note.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp;I asked Mr. Clemens 8 it was genuine. Mr. Clemens said it was true 9 two notes in this amount have been issued by the Bank of England this year. He thought 10 the gentleman showed them couldn’t be fake.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">11 a gentleman with a million pound note was in rags and ate in our small restaurant was a big puzzle to all the people there. I really couldn’t describe 12 excited I was.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>3、强化连接词的应用</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 为了使学生写出的文章在结构上更有逻辑性,笔者根据Nattinger和 DeCarrico(1992)提出的语块理论,在写作教学中要求学生掌握一些语篇组织语块,用于句子与句子之间以及段落之间的连接。在平时的课堂中多给学生呈现大量的连词,同时多创造机会让其使用。笔者在指导学生写作中总结了如下两种方法:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; 1)文段连词应用训练</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">Create a short passage about your likes and dislikes using “besides” and “however”. For example:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">I enjoy reading the classics: Shakespeare, Goethe, Dante and so &gt;I go in for jazz. Besides, I like playing football, tennis and volleyball and I try to play volleyball at least &gt;However, I don’t like going to the disco or rock concert.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp;2)连词填空训练</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; Fill in the blanks with the suitable linking words.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">since &nbsp;on the contrary &nbsp;<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);">in short &nbsp;before that</span></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp;I’m very pleased to tell you about the changes of my life since the reduction of learning load was brought in. 1 I was often exhausted at weekends. I attended school and had classes the whole day. In the evening, I was often forced to do my boring homework and I could not go to bed until 11:30.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp;2 the program of reducing learning load was introduced, my life has become much more interesting. I frequently pay a visit to museums, drop in at computer rooms and draw pictures in my leisure time. After lunch, I watch TV, read stories and look through newspapers to enrich myself. No longer do I stay up; 3 , I go to bed at about 10pm. 4 I am quite satisfied with my life now.</h3> <p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>二、有效利用课文阅读材料,强化学生的语篇建构能力</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在传统的英语课堂教学中,多数教师比较侧重“句”而不是“篇”,强调的是“语法”而不是“语义”。因此,我们在教授课文时, 一定要重视语篇的教学。教材的内容丰富、语言鲜活,话题贴近时代、贴近生活。笔者抓住教材的这些优点,从以下两个方面用活教材,培养学生的写作能力。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1、读写相结合&nbsp;</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; 读者在阅读的过程中必须揣摩作者的写作意图。为此,教师应把阅读文分析作为写作教学的一个重要组成部分,系统地分析其内容、意义、篇章结构和写作技巧等。教学时,读与写相结合的方式可以渗透到阅读教学的每一个环节。例如:在教授NSEFC Book3 Unit2 Healthy eating 时,笔者是通过以下步骤来处理文章:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; Step one:Pre-reading</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(1)Do you prefer the food in KFC or McDonald’s ?</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(2)Do you think these food are good for our health?</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">Step two: Reading comprehension</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(1)What’s the text mainly about?</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(2)The weakness of the diet in WangPengwei’s restaurant:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">a.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">b.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(3)The strength of the diet in WangPengwei’s restaurant:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">a.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">b.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(4)The weakness of the diet at Yong Hui’s restaurant:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">a.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">b.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(5)The strength of the diet at Yong Hui’s restaurant:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">a.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">b.________________________________________</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">(6)Is it good for the two restaurants to combine their food? Why?</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">Step 3: Explanation for some language points.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">Step 4: Consolidation--- oral practice: Retell the text.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp;通过结合单元主题,运用“篇—段—句—篇”方式,帮助学生更好地理解文章内容,使他们理清了文章的脉络,掌握了“起—承—转—合 ”的写作思路。</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>2、说写相结合</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp;Britton(1970)指出:“学生口语句型结构和表达方式往往是他们学习写作的基础。”Tough(1997)不仅强调了口头表达能力和写作水平之间的重要联系,而且指出:教师必须在教授写作的同时,帮助学生提高和丰富其口头表达的技能,因为口语中往往包含了大量近似于书面语的结构和措词。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp;为了很好地运用这种方式提高学生的写作水平,笔者尝试利用教材中的丰富话题,如体育运动,自然科学,环境保护和音乐影视等,刺激他们的真情实感,要求他们围绕每单元的话题进行口头表达的训练。例如学习了NSEFC Book2 Unit4 Wildlife protection 之后,我把全班同学分成若干小组,然后布置任务。各小组要搜集有关濒临灭绝动物的资料,围绕保护野生动物的重要性这一话题展开小组讨论,然后各组选出一名同学进行意见交流。再如学习了NSEFC Book3 Unit1 Festivals around the world 后,要求每个同学对自己喜欢的一个节日进行介绍。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 通过这一方法,学生对他们熟悉的,贴近他们生活的且富有时代性的话题有了一定的了解,为他们的写作积累了材料,同时,他们的口头表达能力得到了一定程度的提高,从而促进了写作能力的提高。</h3> <p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>三、坚持写作训练,在实践中努力提高写作技能</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;俗话说:“熟能生巧。”教师除了对学生进行词、句及语篇的训练外,还要多布置写作任务并认真批改。为了很好地做到这一点,笔者做到了以下三点:</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; 1、有效地完成教材中的writing task</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">在人教版教材中,每个单元都配有writing task,那么教师在平时的教学中要指导学生有效地完成writing task 的写作内容。再以NSEFC Book2中的Unit 4 Wildlife protection 为例,这个单元的writing 就是结合了课文内容要求学生写一封关于保护渡渡鸟的信。信的内容设计及开头已给出。类似这样的写作任务在教材中大量地出现,因此教师一定要充分利用好教材中的材料来提高学生的写作水平。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; 2、适当布置课后写作任务</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 现行的高中英语教材中的阅读内容新颖,富有时代性,在教授完课文后,教师可以提炼出相近的主题,给学生布置课后的写作任务,要求他们运用语篇衔接手段使文章前后连贯。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3、认真批改,详细点评</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 对于学生的课后作文练习,教师一定要做到认真批改,详细点评。另外还要挑出优秀的学生作文在课堂上集体评阅。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">不积跬步,无以致千里。不积小流,无以成江河。英语写作是一个长期复杂的训练过程。培养学生的写作能力不能一蹴而就,而是要从学生的实际出发,充分利用现行教材中合理设置的写作任务及丰富的话题,同时结合有效的方法对学生进行写作能力的培养,有计划地由易到难,循序渐进。</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><br></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><b>参考文献:</b></h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">[1] 教育部.普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2018.</h3><p style="white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">[2] 刘道义主编.普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语必修2、3[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2014</h3> <p style="text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8a00">做一个有观点、有态度的学术团队</font></h3><p style="text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8a00"><span style="caret-color: rgb(255, 138, 0);">做一个有温度、有情怀的学术团队</span></font></h3>

学生

写作

教材

句型

写作能力

教师

从句

单元

训练

技能