<h3>原创:张以勋</h3> <p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">如果我说:“男人是最好的女人。”</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">你一定觉得这句话太荒诞了,甚至会瞪大眼睛骂我:你是不是脑子进水了?说话不经大脑啊!</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">可是这些年就有这么荒诞的一句话,或者有这么一种句式,已经从许多人口中说出,并得到认同,到处宣扬——他们说:</span></h3><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-top: 4px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 3px solid rgb(219, 219, 219); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); font-size: 15px; max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">商业是最大的公益。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">做好自己就是最大的公益。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">保险是最好的慈善。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">……</span></h3></blockquote><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">说这种话的,有普通公众,有公益组织从业者,也有知识精英。</span></h3> <p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">这不,在某公益论坛上,“罗辑思维”创始人罗振宇先生就引用了“商业是最大的公益”这句话作为演讲PPT的第1个小标题。不过有必要声明:罗振宇先生后续的精彩演讲并不在本文的讨论范围之内。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">罗振宇先生绝对不是第一个引用这句话的人。最初的出处,很可能是哈耶克《致命的自负》一书。之后便被许多人奉为至理名言。但我怀疑这句话并不是哈耶克的原意,而可能是该书的译者出于自身对公益的误解“杜撰”出来的。(也希望读过外文原著的朋友可以查证一下。即便是作者原意如此,也不代表就是真理。)</span></h3> <p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">假设“商业是最大的公益”这句话成立,我们先来玩个逻辑游戏:</span></h3><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-top: 4px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 3px solid rgb(219, 219, 219); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); font-size: 15px; max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">推崇商业的人们说:商业解决了社会问题,所以商业是最大的公益。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">搞教育的不答应了:你们的人才都是我们培养出来的,所以教育才是最大的公益!<br style="max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">搞政治的人也有意见:没有我们为你们争取和维护经商和受教育的权利,你们现在可能还是农奴和文盲呢?所以政治才是最大的公益!</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">天下的父母亲们发话了:如果没有我们,你们想干什么都没机会呢,所以生儿育女才是最大的公益!</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">造物主冷笑道:愚蠢的人类,是我创造了一切,我才是那个最大的~</span></h3></blockquote><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">话说回来,当一部分人认同“商业是最大的公益”这类句式时,其对“公益”的理解通常是这样的:</span></h3><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-top: 4px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 3px solid rgb(219, 219, 219); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); font-size: 15px; max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">公益就是解决社会问题。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">公益就是帮助别人。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">公益就是对社会有益。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">……</span></h3></blockquote><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">表面上看好像没有问题,可如果把句式反转来问:解决社会问题是公益的独有专利吗?帮助别人做任何事都是公益吗?对社会有益的事都是公益吗?就很难自圆其说了。<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 28px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">比如:</span></span></h3><blockquote style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding-top: 4px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 3px solid rgb(219, 219, 219); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); font-size: 15px; max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">帮助别人就是公益?你指的是帮助任何别人做任何事都是公益吗?</span></span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">A入室盗窃,B帮A望风,B帮助了A,B是在做公益吗?</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">警察来了,B发扬“专门利人,毫不利己”的无私精神替A顶锅,B在做善事吗?</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">可见,并不是所有帮助别人的行为都是行善。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">可见,不管说话还是写文章,逻辑严谨、表达准确实在太重要了!</span></h3></blockquote> <p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">到底什么是公益?如果我们不能确定公益的主体、行动策略和目标,以及背后的价值观,而是想当然地、随意地去定义和使用”公益“及相关概念,难免含混不清,漏洞百出。</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 25.6px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">我们知道,社会问题是由于人性的缺陷,制度的滞后或不健全、文化或利益的冲突等种种因素而导致的社会关系失调、影响社会成员正常生存、阻碍社会和谐与发展,且被人们感知和关注的普遍问题或趋势。其中有些社会问题是政府和企业造成的,也有一些是社会自己造成的。那么,谁、用何种方式、实现怎样的目标来解决社会问题才是公益呢?</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">政府通过法律、行政等强制力量来解决某个威胁社会稳定和发展的社会问题,也是在做公益吗?确实有不少人认为政府免费为大家提供的公共服务,面向弱势群体的社会保障服务,是一种公益。但我们不能忘记,<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 28px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">政府是在</span>以暴力为代表的强制力量支持下履行统治职能,维护国家利益与社会稳定的。比如政府面向低收入群体提供最低社会保障,或扶贫济困,所需经费全部来自国家税收(通过强制手段向公民征收)并由政府行政部门落实执行。说到这一层,你还觉得政府做的事情是公益或慈善吗?</span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26.25px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">企业提供社会需要的产品和服务(比如买保险的和买小笼包的),通过商业运作赚取利润的同时,确实有可能在客观上解决了某个社会问题,满足了某种社会需求,<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 26.25px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">但始终是以追求利润最大化(营利)为目标的,赚到的钱除了纳税,企业周转,最后都要进老板或股东的腰包,即追求的是私人利益。<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 26.25px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">比如有些人认为共享单车企业因为解决了人们“最后一公里”的出行问题,所以是在做公益,摩拜单车甚至因此入围了“社会企业奖”。此时应该反问:这些企业参与解决社会问题,不<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 26.25px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">是以营利为目的</span>吗?甚至还可以追问:其商业模式是否导致了新的社会问题,或以损害他方利益为代价呢?是否尽到了基本的社会责任?</span></span></span></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 20px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">公益,准确说是“公共利益”,介于国家利益与私人利益之间。公益最重要的特征,恰恰是民间性(非政府)、自愿性(非强制)、非营利性——社会成员自愿在政府和商业体系之外通过个体行动或公民自组织整合社会资源解决社会问题,致力于维护和实现不特定的大多数社会成员的共同利益,<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 28px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">追求公平正义,以及人与人、人类与自然的和谐共生和可持续发展。</span>由于公益<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 26.25px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">不以追求利润最大化为目标,即使公益组织通过产品和服务获得盈利,也会继续用于公益事业,而不用于个人分红。而公益所关注的社会问题或展开行动的领域,往往是政府和<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 26.25px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">企业</span>做不好、不愿做的,但问题和需求在那里,总得有人去做,此时公益上场,众人参与,众人受益,众愿所成。</span></span></h3>