统万城--匈奴王朝最后消失的背影

阿芳

<h3>王芳图文</h3> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;深秋时节,当我们到达位于陕西靖边与内蒙古乌审旗交界之处的统万城遗址时,太阳已经快要落山了,我们一行是最后的一批游客,一路上我们着急耽搁了时间,唯恐来得有些晚,当到达遗址时,一座白色的城池废墟在余晖的照射下突然出现在眼前时,那种震撼马上消除了担心,反而庆幸在日落时分走进一个消失了的历史王朝比任何时候更适合凭吊了。夕阳下的统万城透过悲凉、沧桑能感受到曾经的雄浑、巍峨、静穆。</p> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">406</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,大夏国开国皇帝匈奴冒顿单于的后代,</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">17</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">岁的赫连勃勃杀死自己的岳父宁夏固原一带镇守莫弈于后率领军队北上,来到统万城一带,发现了这里水草丰美,感叹到:“美哉斯阜,行广泽而带清流,吾行地多矣,末见若斯之美。”英俊年少的赫连勃勃同时也极具军事战略眼光,以鄂尔多斯草原为根据地建立了大夏国。据《魏书·铁弗刘虎传》、《晋书·赫连勃勃载记》等史料记载,公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">413</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年赫连勃勃聚十万人多民工于朔方水北,黑水之南营建都城,名为“统万”。赫连勃勃自言:“朕方统一天下,君临万邦,可以统万为名。”</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">据史料记载,统万城建设历时长达六年之久,建筑上采用三合一“蒸土筑城”法,即把白石灰、白粘土以糯米汤加以搅拌,蒸熟后进行注灌,类似于今天的浇注法,城墙坚固可抵御斧砍刀劈。传说叱干阿利大监工极其严格残酷,每筑一段城墙命人以铁锥检验工程质量,凡锥入一寸者,便立刻将工匠杀死,拆除重建,将工匠尸体砌于墙内。早在秦朝时,秦始皇在鄂尔多斯修䢖了一条秦直道,也叫白道,用的也是白水泥加米汤的铺设方式,秦直道今天依然坚硬。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">统万城建成后,曾由秘书监胡义周执笔作赞文一篇,赞文中说建好的统万城是“高隅隐日,崇墉际云,石郭天池,周绵千里”,城里则是“华林灵沼,重台秘室,通房连阁,驰道苑园”。当时的统万城无论在规模、布局及建造方法等方面,都体现出在地理位置及战略地位上的重要性。可以想像到在四周天苍苍野茫茫广袤的鄂尔多斯草原上,在蓝天白云的映衬下一座拔地而起的白色城池巍峨、坚固是多么的醒目、威严有气势呀。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">27</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">岁的赫连勃勃在统万城自称天王大单于,建立大夏国。</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">统万城城垣有东西南北四门,东门名招魏,西门名服凉,南门名朝宋,北门名平朔。城墙高</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">10</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">仞有余,城基厚</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">20</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">多步,城墙上宽</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">10</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">步,东西长倍于南北,周长约</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">18</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">里。四个门有高大的门楼,有内城外城,城内建有皇城,建有亭台楼阁,雕梁画栋,富丽堂皇。《晋书》载《统万城铭》:“崇台霄峙,秀阙云亭,千榭连隅,万阁接屏</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">……</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">温室嵯峨,层城参差,楹凋雕兽,节镂龙螭。莹以宝璞,饰以珍奇</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">……</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">”《北史》也有记载:“城高十仞,基厚三十步,上广十步,宫城五仞,其坚可以砺刀斧。台榭高大,飞阁相连,皆雕镂图画,被以绮绣,饰以丹青,穷极文采。”可想当年白色的城墙雕梁画栋的角楼在一片绿色草原上是多么的突显和高大宏伟。</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp;</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">而今</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">1600</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年前曾经坚不可摧的城成了残恒断墙,皇城中心楼座成了夕阳下归巢的鸟窝,城中没有留下任何生活的印记,天边是夕阳西下前燃烧着的最后辉煌,周边是深秋即将飘零的金黄色的杨树,城内是蒿草萋萋,非常的宁静,甚至听不见塞外的风声,走在城墙上我分明又听见了一种强烈的声音,那些被压在城墙中的生命仿佛在哭诉,仿佛还有金戈铁马</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">气吞万里如虎的景象,撕开了历史的伤口。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">416</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,赫连勃勃东晋破后秦之机挥师南下攻取长安,公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">417</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">27</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">岁的赫连勃勃在统万城自称天王大单于,建立大夏国。</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">418</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,在长安称帝,改元昌武。他留下太子镇守南都西安,自己回师统万城,大夏国以统一万城为都,占据了陕北、关中、甘肃、内蒙古的鄂尔多斯高原、河套平原,雄霸北方。公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">425</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,赫连勃勃病死在统万城。公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">427</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,北魏军攻破统万城,从城中掳获马匹</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">30</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">万之多,可见大夏国之富庶。北魏太武皇帝拓跋焘生活也十分节俭,讨厌奢华。在进入统万城之后,见夏国皇宫富丽堂皇,大发感慨:“竖子之国,竟敢如此滥用民力!怎能不灭亡!”北魏太武帝拓跋焘在此,置统万镇。公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">431</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,大夏首领赫连定被吐谷浑部族俘虏,夏灭亡。赫连勃勃创建的夏只传三世二十余年,一代名城随夏灭亡而彻底衰败。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">统万城由于地处边塞与内地交接之处在长时间内是北方的重镇之一。此后北魏、西魏、东魏和隋唐曾在这里置镇、州、郡。是扼守草原丝绸之路的东西交通要道之一。北宋初,党项人李继迁占据统万城称西夏。宋淳化五年(公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">994</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年),因西夏军队常以统万城为依托侵扰北宋,宋太宗下令毁掉统万城,迁走城内居民。统万城彻底废弃,经过千年的沙尘侵蚀,坚不可摧的城只剩下残恒断壁,在历史的风雨中飘摇。唐诗中的统万城已是“眼见风来沙旋转。终年不省草生时。”</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">唐许棠在诗作《夏州道中》写到“茫茫沙漠广,渐远赫连城。”当代曾经有百姓在城墙掏了窑洞,在周边种地放牧,统万城还有些人间烟火,而今,一眼眼的窑洞也都成了空洞,像是历史老人的眼睛</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">,见证着统万城的烟云。</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">站在城墙的废墟上,我不由得想起历史上一座座废墟,阿房宫,黑城子,元上都,丰州城,建城的人都想的是永固千年万年,为此大兴土木,劳民伤财,然而历史没有永久的胜利者。秦始皇当年修建了万里长城也希望自己的江山永远牢不可破,但是万里长城今犹在,只是不见秦始皇。明朝又是一次大规模的修筑长城,比秦始皇的长城更加宏伟壮观,在离统万城不远的镇边台被称之为万里长城第一台,城堡入口处赫然写着向明二字。然而大明朝亡了,当年有人站在此处凭吊统万城,清代诗人杨蕴在《镇北台春望》中写道:关门直向大荒开,日日牛羊作市来,万里春风残雪后,游人指点赫连台。而数年以后大清也灭亡了。现在的镇边台也成了废墟。想起一句老套的话,历史是惊人的相似。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">统万城修筑时,“临广泽而带清流”,水草丰美。是中国历史上少数民族建设的最完整、最雄伟、最坚固的都城,也是匈奴民族保存下来的唯一座城墙轮廓、众多建筑保存完好的都城。以后湮于沙漠,历代游人凭吊感叹不已。</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">我们还没来得及围绕城墙走一遭时天色暗了下来,统万城笼罩在夜幕中,有些神秘阴森,我们离开时都不忍回眸它的孤独凄凉。它四周的杨树林在夜色中倒像是曾经守卫着它的士兵。给了它一丝威严。夜色笼罩了一个王朝的背影,想起一位历史学家说的话,废墟是历史的躯体,我想说的是,废墟是历史的最好教科书,不该被沙漠掩埋。</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h3>