趣说汉语拼音(二)——为什么要“整体认读”?

傅爱社

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《汉语拼音方案》是由中国文字改革委员会于</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">1956</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月出的草案,</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">1958</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月由第一届全国人民代表大会批准作为正式方案推行的。《国家通用语言文字法》第</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">18</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">条规定:“国家通用语言文字以《汉语拼音方案》作为拼写和注音工具,《汉语拼音方案》是中国人名地名和中文文献罗马字母拼写法的统一规范,并用于汉字不便或不能使用的领域。”</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《汉语拼音方案》的“字母表”与英语的</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">26</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">个字母是一致的,不过,“字母表”中的字母与汉语普通话的语音系统不是一一对应关系。字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”、“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y"</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在汉语普通话中没有对应的音,字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”在汉语普通话中有三个对应的音。</span></font></font></h3><font color="#000000" face="宋体" size="3"> <br></font> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">先说说字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”,字母表对字母“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”的规定是“只用来拼写外来语、少数民族语言和方言”。“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”在《国际音标》中的定位是“唇齿浊擦音”,与普通话中“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">f</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”(唇齿清擦音)的区别只在于发“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”时声带要震动。英语中这个音是普遍存在的,如“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">university</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”一词中就有,算是拼写外语的一个例证;少数民族语言肯定也有,如蒙古族有一种叫做“呼麦”的演唱方法,发音主要靠声带的震动,少了“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”这个音是不可想象的;至于方言,普通话中“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”行韵母独成音节时被称为“零声母音节”,也就是没有声母的音节,多数在关中方言中是有声母的,这个声母就是“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”,如关中话的“文、武、务、无”等均是以“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">v</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”为声母的。</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”是有关隔音符号的问题。普通话进行汉字拼音标注时,是以词为单位进行的,这就涉及到音节相混的问题,“西安”就容易与“先”相混。所以,在对“西安”进行标音时就需使用隔音符号(上标的“,”号),将</span></font></font><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">xi</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">an</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”分开,以免和“先、现……”等音节产生混乱。但是,汉语普通话中的零声母音节很多,这就需要大量使用隔音符号,既麻烦也不美观。正好,“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”在汉语普通话的语音系统中没有对应的音,《汉语拼音方案》中就做了如下的规定:</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font color="#000000" size="3">i </font></span><span style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">列的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,写成<span lang="EN-US">yi</span></font></font><font color="#000000" size="3">(衣),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">ya</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(呀),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">ye</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(耶),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yao</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(腰),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">you</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(忧),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yan</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(烟),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yin</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(因),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yɑng</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(央),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">ying</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(英),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">yong</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(雍)。</font></span></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font color="#000000" size="3">u </font></span><span style="font-family: 仿宋;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000">列的韵母,前面没有声母的时候,写成<span lang="EN-US">wu</span></font></font><font color="#000000" size="3">(乌),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3"> wa</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(蛙),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3"> wo</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(窝),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3"> wɑi</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(歪),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wei</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(威),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wan</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(弯),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wen</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(温),</font><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000" size="3">wang</font></span><font color="#000000" size="3">(汪)。</font></span></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这样,隔音符号在汉语拼音标注中出现的概率就很低了。所以“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”实际上起的是隔音符号的作用,这些知识对初入小学的学生不能讲授的,与他们的生理年龄不适应。</span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体;">至于“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体;">”对应的三个音是:独立成音节用于非</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体;">知、吃、诗、日、资、雌、思</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">”</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体;">等字组成音节时是一个音,《国际音标》对其的定位是“舌面、前、高、不圆唇元音”;用作“资、雌、思”等字的韵母时,《国际音标》对其的定位是“舌尖前、高、不圆唇元音”;用作“知、吃、诗、日”等字的韵母时,《国际音标》对其的定位是“舌尖后、高、不圆唇元音”。这三个音发音部位相近,且相互不混乱,本着经济的原则,就全部采用“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt; font-family: 宋体;">”做标记。这样的拼音知识,同样是不能给初入小学的小学生讲授的。</span><br><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">既然隔音作用的“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”和“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”的知识不能传授给小学生,“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”所对应的三个元音也因为难度过大也不能传授给小学生,我们也不能让小学生认为“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">y</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”、“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">w</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”是声母,也不能让小学生认为所有的“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”标记的音都是一个音。正确的音不能教,又不能让小学生产生错误的认识,于是就出现了对</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">i</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">列韵母、</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">u</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">列韵母形成零声母音节及“</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">zhi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">chi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">shi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ri</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">zi</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ci</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">si</span></font><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">”音节进行“整体认读”教学的说法。所以,我们应该明白,“整体认读”是一个无奈的折中方法。</span> </font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-indent: 21pt;">年龄长一点的人,没有接受过“整体认读”教学,年龄轻的在读小学时应该知道“整体认读音节”。为什么要“整体认读”,你知道吗?</span> </font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"> </font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><font color="#000000"><br></font></font></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><br></font></h3><h3></h3><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><br><font color="#000000" face="宋体" size="3"> </font></h3>