构词法

姜淑香@秋日雏菊

<h3>一、词缀类型:</h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;">(1)加词缀词性不改变:前缀+词根:</span></h3><h3>1.表示否定的前缀 </h3><h3>Un-: unfair不公正的,unhappy不高兴的</h3><h3>Non-: nonfood 非食物的</h3><h3>In-: inedible不可食的,ineffective 无效果的</h3><h3>Dis-: disconnected不连接的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>2.表示相反的前缀 </h3><h3>Un-: unbind 松开</h3><h3>De-: decrease减少,deduct 扣除</h3><h3>Dis-:discover 发现,discourage 使泄气</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>3.表示贬低的前缀</h3><h3>Mis-: misconduct处理不当, miscount数错</h3><h3>Mal-: maladministration管理不善</h3><h3>Pseudo-:pseudo-graph冒名作品</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>4.表示向背的前缀 </h3><h3>Pro-: pro-American亲爱的</h3><h3>Anti-: anti-war反抗的,anti-social反社会的</h3><h3>Counter-: counterattack反击</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>5表示程度的前缀 </h3><h3>Super-:supermarket超级市场</h3><h3>Ultra-: ultraconservative极端保守的</h3><h3>Over-:overflow泛滥</h3><h3>Under-:undercooked煮的欠熟的</h3><h3>Mini-:minibus小型公共汽车</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>6.表示时序的前缀 </h3><h3>Pre-: pre-war战前的</h3><h3>Fore-: forehead前额</h3><h3>Post-:post-war战后的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>7.表示方位的前缀 </h3><h3>Sub-: subway地铁</h3><h3>Inter-:international国际的</h3><h3>Trans-:transcontinental 穿越大陆的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2) 加词缀词性发生变化 </h3><h3>1.前缀+词根 </h3><h3>Be-:benumb使麻木, befriend 和。。。交朋友</h3><h3>En-: enslave使成为奴隶,enable使能够</h3><h3>Em-:empower授权给,embody使实体化</h3><h3>a-:asleep 睡着的,abreast并肩的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>2.<span style="line-height: 1.8;">词+后缀 </span></h3><h3>a.动词变名词 </h3><h3>-er/-or/-ar: climber登山运动员</h3><h3>-ment: encouragement 鼓励</h3><h3>-ee: employee雇员,refugee难民</h3><h3>-age: drainage排水,coverage范围</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b.形容词变名词 </h3><h3>-ity: diversity多样性,respectability可敬 </h3><h3>-ness: happiness幸福,weakness虚弱</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>c.名词、形容词变动词 </h3><h3>-ify: beautify美化,simplify简化</h3><h3>-ize: sympathize同情</h3><h3>-en: widen加宽</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>d.名词变形容词 </h3><h3>-some: burdensome累赘的</h3><h3>-ish: foolish愚蠢的</h3><h3>-less: careless粗心的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>e.名词变副词 </h3><h3>-wards: backwards向后</h3><h3>-wise: clockwise按顺时针方向转动地</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>二、<span style="line-height: 1.8;">转化法 </span></h3><h3>(1)大量的动词转化为名词:</h3><h3>Look 看→have a look 看</h3><h3>Rest休息→have a rest休息</h3><h3>Visit参观→pay a visit 参观</h3><h3>Study 研究→make a study 研究</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2)相当多的名词作动词用:</h3><h3>Hammer锤子→hammer a nail 用锤子敲</h3><h3>Book书→book a ticket预定</h3><h3>Seat座位→seat a guest让。。。坐下</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(3)少部分的形容词作动词用:</h3><h3>Warm 温度→warm up the car engine将预热</h3><h3>Slow慢→slow somebody down 使某人慢下来</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(4)不少形容词作名词用:</h3><h3>Noble 高贵的→nobles 贵族</h3><h3>Dear亲爱的→a dear找人喜欢的人</h3><h3>Valuable 珍贵的→valuable贵重物品</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(5)少数其它词作名词用:</h3><h3>Must必须(情态动词)→a must必须做的事 (名词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3><br></h3><h3>三、前缀法</h3><h3>(1)表否定</h3><h3>Obey服从→disobey不服从</h3><h3>Possible 可能的→impossible 不可能的</h3><h3>Complete完整的→incomplete不完整的</h3><h3>Responsible负责任的→irresponsible不负责任的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2)表反义、反向</h3><h3>Pack打包→unpack打开包裹</h3><h3>Connect 连接→disconnect 切断</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(3)表贬低</h3><h3>Leading引导→misleading误导</h3><h3>Calculate计算→mal-calculate算错</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(4)表程度、大小</h3><h3>Computer 计算机→microcomputer微型计算机</h3><h3>Confident自信的→overconfident过分自信的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(5)表方向、态度</h3><h3>Nuclear核的→antinuclear反核的</h3><h3>Attack 攻击→counterattack反击</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(6)表位置</h3><h3>Arm臂→forearm前臂</h3><h3>Structure建筑→superstructure上层建筑</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(7)表时序</h3><h3>Husband丈夫→ex-husband前夫</h3><h3>Tell告诉→retell复述</h3><h3>See 看见→foresee预见</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(8)表数量</h3><h3>Lingual语言的→bilingual双语的</h3><h3>Angle角→triangle三角形</h3><h3>Automatic 自动的→semi-automatic半自动的</h3><h3></h3><h3>Oxide氧化物→dioxide二氧化碳</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>四、<span style="line-height: 1.8;">后缀法 </span></h3><h3>(1)名词后缀</h3><h3>a.名词→名词</h3><h3>King 国王→kingdom王国</h3><h3>Child孩子→childhood童年</h3><h3>Friend朋友→friendship友谊</h3><h3>Cigar雪茄→cigarette香烟</h3><h3>Book书→booklet小册子</h3><h3>Manager经理→manageress女经理</h3><h3>Real真实的→reality现实</h3><h3>Hero英雄→heroism英雄主义</h3><h3>Mouth口→mouthful一口</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b.形容词→名词</h3><h3>Brave勇敢的→bravery勇敢</h3><h3>Social社会的→socialism社会主义</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>c.动词→名词</h3><h3>Criticize批评→criticism批评</h3><h3>Drive驾驶→driver司机</h3><h3>Survive幸存→survivor 幸存者</h3><h3>Stuff填充→stuffing填料</h3><h3>Arrange安排→arrangement安排</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2)形容词后缀</h3><h3>a.名词→形容词</h3><h3>Success成功→successful 成功的</h3><h3>Child孩子→childish孩子气的</h3><h3>Friend 朋友→friendly友好的</h3><h3>Accident事故→accidental偶然的</h3><h3>Rain雨→rainy下雨的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b.动词→形容词</h3><h3>Translate翻译→translatable能翻译的</h3><h3>Attract吸引→attractive诱人的</h3><h3>Forget忘记→forgetful健忘的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>c.形容词→形容词</h3><h3>Red 红色的→reddish微红的</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(3)副词后缀</h3><h3>a.形容词→副词</h3><h3>Calm平静的→calmly平静地</h3><h3>Vivid 生动的→vividly生动地</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b.名词→副词</h3><h3>Ghost鬼→ghostlike像鬼一样地</h3><h3>French法国→French-style以法国风格</h3><h3>Clock钟表→clockwise顺时针方向地</h3><h3>Snowball雪球→snowball-fashion像雪球般迅速增加地</h3><h3>Length长度→lengthways纵长地</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>c.代词→副词</h3><h3>Some某些→somehow以某种方式</h3><h3>Any任何→anyhow无论如何</h3><h3>Other其他→otherwise以其他方式</h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><br></span></h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;">(4)动词后缀</span><br></h3><h3>a.形容词→动词</h3><h3>Sad伤心的→sadden使伤心的</h3><h3>Pure 纯净的→purify使净化</h3><h3>Global全球的→globalize使全球化</h3><h3>Active活跃的→activate使活跃</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b.名词→动词</h3><h3>Strength力量→strengthen加强力量</h3><h3>Length长度→lengthen使延长</h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><br></span></h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;">(5)数词后缀</span><br></h3><h3>Six六→sixth第六</h3><h3>Four四→forty四十</h3><h3>Five五→fifteen十五</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>五、合成法</h3><h3>(1)名词复合词</h3><h3>a.主谓类</h3><h3>Sunrise日出(名词+动词)</h3><h3>Watchdog看门狗(动词+名词)</h3><h3>Washing-machine洗衣机(动名词+名词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b.动宾类</h3><h3>Haircut理发(名词+由动词转化而来的名词)</h3><h3>Sightseeing观光(名词+动名词)</h3><h3>Computer-designer电脑设计师(名词+动作实施者)</h3><h3>Push-按钮(动词+名词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>c.偏正类</h3><h3>Toy-factory玩具工厂(名词+名词)</h3><h3>Swimming-pool游泳池(动名词+名词)</h3><h3>Sun-bathing日光浴(名词+动名词)</h3><h3>Homework家庭作业(名词+由动词转化而来的名词)</h3><h3>Babysitter临时受雇代外出的父母照料小孩儿的人(名词+动作实施者)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>d.主宾类</h3><h3>Motorcycle摩托车(名词+名词)the motor drives the cycle.</h3><h3>Food-poisoning食物中毒(名词+动名词)food produces poison.</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>e.主表类</h3><h3>Girlfriend女朋友(名词+名词)the friend is a girl.</h3><h3>Blackboard黑板(形容词+名词)the board is a girl.</h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><br></span></h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;">(2)形容词复合词</span></h3><h3>a.动宾类</h3><h3>Record-breaking打破记录(名词+现在分词)</h3><h3>Labor-saving节约劳力的(名词+现在分词)</h3><h3>Breathtaking令人吃惊的(名词+现在分词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b.动状类</h3><h3>Ocean-going远洋的(名词+现在分词)</h3><h3>Heartfelt衷心的(名词+过去分词)</h3><h3>Ordinary-looking相貌平平的(形容词+现在分词)</h3><h3>Hardworking勤劳的(副词+现在分词)</h3><h3>Quick-frozen速冻的(形容词+过去分词)</h3><h3>Widespread传播广泛的(副词+过去分词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>c.并列类</h3><h3>Grey-green灰绿色的(形容词+形容词)</h3><h3>Aural-oral听说的(形容词+形容词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>d.偏正类</h3><h3>Light-blue浅蓝色的(形容词+形容词)</h3><h3>Heavier-than-air比空气重的(形容词+连词+名词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>e.主表类</h3><h3>Duty-free免税的(名词+形容词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>f.短语类</h3><h3>Out-and-out彻底的(副词+and+副词)</h3><h3>Never-to-be-forgotten永远难忘的(副词+不定式短语)</h3><h3>Word-for-word字对字的(名词+介词+名词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>g.句子类</h3><h3>A who-does-it story 侦探故事</h3><h3>An I –know-everything attitude 一副我什么都懂的态度</h3><h3></h3><h3>A you-know-what-I –mean-tone一种你明白我的意思的腔调</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>六、截短法</h3><h3>(1)截头</h3><h3>Telephone电话→phone电话</h3><h3>Airplane飞机→plane直升飞机</h3><h3>Bicycle自行车→cycle自行车</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2)去尾</h3><h3>Mathematics数学→math数学</h3><h3>Examination考试→exam考试</h3><h3>Kilogram千克→kilo千克</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(3)既截头又去尾</h3><h3>Influenza流行性感冒→flu流感</h3><h3>Refrigerator电冰箱→frig电冰箱</h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;"><br></span></h3><h3><span style="line-height: 1.8;">(4)多</span><span style="line-height: 1.8;">词合一</span><br></h3><h3>Popular song singer流行歌曲演唱家→pop–singer流行歌手</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>七、缩合法</h3><h3>Smoke and for烟和雾→smog</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>八、<span style="line-height: 1.8;">反转构词法</span></h3><h3>(1) 由名词转化为动词</h3><h3>a. 以-ar, -er, -or 结尾的名词</h3><h3>Beggar行乞者(名词)→beg行乞(动词)</h3><h3>Typewriter打字机→typewrite打字</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>b. 抽象名词</h3><h3>Emotion感情(名词)→emote演戏、拍电影时强烈地表现感情(动词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>c. 形容词</h3><h3>Lazy懒散(形容词)→laze懒散(动词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>d. 复合词</h3><h3>Baby-sitter代人临时照看小孩的人(名词)→baby-sit代人临时照看小孩儿(动词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2) 由形容词转化的名词</h3><h3>Gloomy忧伤的(形容词)→gloom忧伤(名词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(3) 通过去掉前缀得到的逆构词</h3><h3>Inept笨拙的(形容词)→ept聪明能干的(形容词)</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>九、首字母缩拼法</h3><h3>(1) 用首字母表示全词</h3><h3>Hong Kong香港→H.K.香港</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2) 用字母代表词的组成部分</h3><h3>Identification card 身份证→ID 身份证</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(3) 字母以读音书写</h3><h3>Okay行→OK行</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>十、英语中的借词 </h3><h3>(1)从法语借来的词</h3><h3>Salon沙龙</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(2)拉丁语借来的词</h3><h3>Cancer癌</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(3)从德语借来的词</h3><h3>Kindergarten 幼儿园</h3><h3><br></h3><h3>(4) 从汉语借来的词</h3><h3>Kung-fu中国功夫</h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3><h3></h3>