论语言的表达和学习(表象和本质)

令狐ben

<h3></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;"></span><br></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">一岁半到两岁的孩子正是语言的活跃期,大人可能会遇到这些情形:</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.AppleColorEmojiUI&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">1⃣️</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">小点点可能会开心的举起香蕉说:“粑粑你看,我把香蕉的衣服脱了!”</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">还不会说“剥皮”这句话,估计没有教过。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.AppleColorEmojiUI&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">2⃣️</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">小点点给奶奶说:“奶奶,我的扣子掉了,你帮我贴上去吧”,因为</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">还没有学会“补扣子”这个词。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.AppleColorEmojiUI&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">3⃣️</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">“妈妈你看,雨的龙头关上了!“</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">还不会说雨停了。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.AppleColorEmojiUI&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">4⃣️</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">、“妈妈,你过来看我堆的积木,你把眼睛调大一点嘛”</span></h3> <p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.SF UI Text&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 20.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;"></span><br></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">第一个例子,是孩子类比平时的脱衣服才说出这句话,没有学会剥皮的词,是非常恰当的类比。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">第二个例子,是孩子类比贴东西,比如</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">看过冰箱贴,玩过贴画,他没有听过补扣子,这是非常厉害的联想。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">第三个例子,是</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">看过过大人拧水龙头,比如大人间说过帮我把水关上吧。</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">会觉得雨停了不下了,和家里的水龙头关了,不流了是一样的道理,他没有学过停雨这个词。才用关这个动词。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">第四个例子,则是</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">平时看大人说过“你帮我把灯光调大点。”但是</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">还没有学过“把眼睛睁大点”</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">这些例子,都是孩子对新事物,用已知来类比,联想,将不知道的范畴归入到</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">已知的领域,来创造自己的表达。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">所以,我们应该在鼓励的同时,再教会</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">恰当的新语言和词汇。</span></h3> <h3></h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">比如第一个例子,可以先表扬,宝宝真棒,想的真对!你看这是这是香蕉皮,这是剥。和脱衣服真的是一样的喔。我们以后就叫剥香蕉皮啊,好不好。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">然后在给他吃苹果的时候,可以让他观摩削苹果皮,告诉他,用刀这是削皮,但是刀锋利,会伤手的,小盆友还不能自己削。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">寓教于乐、寓教于情景,鼓励表扬和诱导,孩子会乐此不疲的不断和你学习交流,看到姥姥在厨房剥笋子,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">会马上联想起来,说“喔,姥姥,你在剥笋子啊,我帮你吧!”</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">等到孩子看到橘子也会说剥皮,看梨子,想吃,可以诱导</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">,是削皮还是剥皮?孩子很快会回答是剥皮。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><br></h3><h3></h3> <p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">然后就可以循序渐进,总结归纳和告诉孩子:</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">水果皮,用刀切的都是削,</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">用手弄掉水果皮的都是剥,</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">然后继续追问孩子:</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">苹果为啥要用刀削皮呢?</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">香蕉为啥可以用手剥皮呢?</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">那花生怎么剥皮呢?</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">就可以继续教孩子怎么去花生皮,为啥热水泡以后,手拨的快。道理在哪里?可能一两岁的孩子听不懂热胀冷缩的道理,但是坚持教,不断用其他例子类比,</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIText&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">ta</span><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">会很快知道热胀冷缩的道理。</span></h3><h3> </h3><p style="line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 17pt;">当然这些不是让大人一口气全教会,遵循循序渐进,不断表扬鼓励和诱导,孩子的语言能力会越来越强。</span></h3><h3><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"></h3>