<h3><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"> 在教育孩子这件事上,每个父母都是摸着石头过河、忐忑不安。初为父母,都会有这种紧张感。我们竭尽自己最大的努力,把最好的东西、最好的教育都给予孩子,希望孩子能按照我们教育的方法,慢慢成长为我们心中的模样。</span><br></h3><h3><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%;">理想很丰满,但现实往往很骨感!养育孩子真的不像我们想象的那样简单!经常会有家长向我们反馈:</span><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我的孩子为什么总是和小朋友打架?我的孩子为什么专注力这么差、小动作这么多?我的孩子为什么特别容易发脾气?等等各种各样的育儿问题!</span><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><br></span></h3> <p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> 我们非常理解家长的焦虑、着急、困惑,但是在告诉大家如何去解决孩子的这些行为问题之前,我们真正要做的就是要了解问题,了解导致问题行为产生的真正原因!</span><br></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">其实,孩子表现出的这些异常行为如攻击性强、多动、暴躁、说谎;甚至出现一些情感方面的问题,如焦虑、恐惧、沟通障碍等,在蒙台梭利教育中我们统称为“</span><strong style="font-size: 15px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">偏差行为</strong><span style="font-size: 15px;">”。那么,什么是偏差行为呢?</span><br></h3> <section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; display: inline-block; min-width: 10%; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="text-align: left; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">01</strong></h3></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; display: inline-block; min-width: 10%; vertical-align: top; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(62, 62, 62); border-top-left-radius: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-bottom: -6px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">什么是偏差行为?</strong></h3></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 玛利亚·蒙台梭利博士提出:“孩子受到阻碍的、一致性、可预测的行为和特点叫做“偏差行为”。</strong></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 形<span style="font-size: 17px;">象一点来解释,我们可以把孩子发展的过程比喻成一个流动的小河,河水顺畅的流动代表了孩子正常化的发展。当河流中一旦存在阻碍或障碍物,河水就会发生分流,也就意味着孩子的发展会产生“偏差”。我们可以把这些障碍/阻碍比喻成落叶、树枝、甚至礁石。当河里掉落一些小的落叶或树枝时,因为障碍物小而轻,他们的飘落我们可能都没有意识到就被河水冲走了,河流还是会正常的流淌。但是当出现较大的障碍物,比如礁石,这些大的障碍物可能不但不会被河水冲走,还可能导致河流绕道而行,甚至形成一个完全不同的支流,如果岩石进一步堆积形成小坝,它甚至会抑制河水的流动。</span></h3></section></section></section> <p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 也就是说,流动的河水就是孩子生命发展的力量,当孩子可以安全、自由地和环境互动,他的生理和心理力量就能够融为一体,发展就会畅通无阻。但是当孩子的环境充满障碍,他的生理和心理力量不能够协同发展,这两股力量就会像分支的河流一样分散开来,孩子的整体发展就会受到影响甚至延迟。</h3><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="font-size: 15px;">倘若一个孩子持续的、不断的遭受发展中的障碍,他就会表现出一种一致性的、可预测的行为和特点,玛利亚蒙台梭利博士给这种“受到阻碍的、一致性、可预测的行为和特点进行了命名,就叫做“偏差行为”。值得注意的是,“偏差”不是指孩子低能、无能,它不是给孩子贴上的一个标签,“偏差”是指受到发展阻碍的孩子身上表现出的行为和特点。</span></h3> <h3><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%;">“偏差行为”会有很多种表现,玛利亚蒙台梭利博士把它大致分为两类:</span><strong style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">强反应形偏差行为和弱反应形偏差行为</strong><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%;">。</span><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; text-decoration: underline; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">强反应形偏差行为主要表现在孩子会和发展的障碍进行对抗,表现包括:</span><span style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 3px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: 106%; text-decoration: underline; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">攻击性、不服从、不合作、发脾气、尖叫等;弱反应形偏差行为则是孩子屈服于障碍、变得被动,它的表现包括:懒惰、撒谎、闷闷不乐等等。</span><br></h3> <section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; display: inline-block; min-width: 10%; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="text-align: left; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">02</strong></h3></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; display: inline-block; min-width: 10%; vertical-align: top; box-shadow: rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(62, 62, 62); border-top-left-radius: 0px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-bottom: -6px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; line-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="letter-spacing: 1px; margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如何改善孩子的偏差行为?</strong></h3><p style="text-align: center; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 1px;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 3px; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify;">玛利亚·蒙台梭利博士认为,蒙台梭利教室并非一开始就能变得井井有条,充满秩序感,我们应该对孩子的偏差行为做好充分的心理准备。此外,也必须真心接纳这些具有偏差行为的孩子。如果每个蒙台梭利教师都具有蒙台梭利博士一样的胸怀:谦虚和仁爱,那么这些具有偏差行为的孩子,就可以逐渐正常化了</span><br></h3></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="text-align: center; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 5px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 💕 接纳并温柔以待💕</strong></h3></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">接纳现状并认清现状,是作为蒙台梭利教师必须迈出的第一步。蒙台梭利教室就像是一个家,无论孩子是安静的、聪明可爱的,还是调皮的、沉默寡言的,在老师眼里孩子都是正常的,每一个孩子都应该被温柔对待,蒙台梭利教师要同样地、愉悦地接纳每一个孩子,爱每一个孩子。在儿童成长过程中,让孩子感受到足够的爱意,满足孩子的情感需求,将在他们幼小的心灵中洒满阳光。</h3></section></section></section> <section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-right: 6px; padding-left: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; letter-spacing: 5px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">💕学会观察💕</strong></h3></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="line-height: 2.5; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">玛利亚·蒙台梭利博士曾说,“唯有通过观察和分析,才能真正了解孩子的内在需要和个别差异,采取应有的态度来配合孩子的成长需要。”蒙台梭利博士指出,我们应在三个方面重点去观察儿童在教室中的表现,那就是<span style="text-decoration: underline; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">儿童的工作、行为、和服从。</span>注意儿童在何时开始专心投入某一项工作,无论时间长短,并观察总结。<span style="font-size: 17px;">观察是动态的,而不是被动的。我们不只是观察孩子,我们也在学习他们。让我们成为积极的参与者,成为有意义的观察者。陪伴孩子的成长。</span></h3></section></section></section> <section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-right: 6px; padding-left: 6px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; letter-spacing: 5px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">💕提供有意义的工作💕</strong></h3></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">玛利亚·蒙台梭利博士观察到,儿童通过工作达到心理上的自我统一,逐步走向独立。她发现儿童专注于自己选择的工作时,会表现得相当愉悦、平静和轻松,他们所有破坏性的行为,如攻击性、敌意的、消极的、颓废的等都消失了。于是,蒙台梭利博士得出这样的结论,通过这种专注的工作活动,儿童一定是满足了自己内心某些伟大的发展需求,使自己达到了一个心理统合的新状态,也就是“正常化状态”。而作为一名蒙台梭利教师,我们有责任给孩子们提供有目的性的和真实的工作。</h3></section></section></section> <section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-left: 10px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="padding-left: 5px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-color: rgb(219, 219, 219); letter-spacing: 5px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如何引导孩子去做有意义的工作?</strong></h3></section><section style="margin-top: -7px; margin-left: -10px; width: 10px; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin-left: auto; transform: rotate(0deg); width: 7px; height: 7px; background-color: rgba(139, 210, 239, 0.4); max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br><br></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 172, 163); max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">观察孩子的内在需要</strong></span></h3><p style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">幼儿在生理上和心理上的发展速度因人而异,然而相同的是,幼儿为了要使身心发展,会有很多内在而非外显的需要出现。内在需要会导致个体产生主动学习、探索的意愿,驱使他去寻找他要的东西,来满足成长的需要。</h3><p style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(123, 172, 163); max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">设计适合孩子年龄的工作</strong></span></h3><p style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们在为孩子设计工作内容时,必须正视孩子的能力而给予难易相当的工作,太简单的工作引不起孩子的兴趣,太难的工作会让孩子因挫折而气馁。</h3><p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 17px; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><font color="#5a5a5a"> </font></span><strong style="color: rgb(123, 172, 163); font-size: 17px; text-align: center; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">给予完整的工作周期</strong></h3><p style="color: rgb(90, 90, 90); clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">孩子的工作周期没有被打断,他的内在需求与心智发展,将得到充分的满足与建构。因此,当孩子沉静在工作中的时候,我们成人应该是协助者、观察者,决不可以对孩子说“这样不可以”来任意干预孩子。</h3></section></section></section> <section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">儿童的经验积累和智慧成长,是来自于个体与环境中人、事、物的的交互。因此,环境是影响儿童工作的一个特别主要的因素,儿童只有在成人为他安排好的预备环境中,才能迈向正常发展之路。</h3><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"> 儿童的正常化是他们与生俱来一种能力,出现偏差是因为受到了外界的阻碍,我们作为教育者和父母所要做的是提供一个合适的环境,让孩子通过环境中所提供的合适的工作,培养专注力,进而培养纪律性,责任心,从而走向正常化。</span><br></h3><p style="margin-bottom: 1px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100% !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">在教育孩子的成长历程中,让我们一起同行!</span></h3></section></section></section>