关于新个税法视角下个人反避税走向的几点思考(之二)

静听税声

<h3><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">关于新个税法视角下个人反避税走向的几点思考(之</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">二</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">)<br></span></span><span style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">&nbsp; </span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">自2009年1月1日起实施的新《中华人民共和国所得税</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">法</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">》</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">(以下简称“《个税法》”)首次明确了个人反避税制度,为我国个人反避税发展奠定了上位法依据。但耐人寻味的是,新《个人所得税法实施条例》(以下简称“《条例》”)中删除了原《条例》征求意见稿中关于个人关联关系和独立交易原则的相关表述,给大家留下了充分的想象空间。本系列文章是笔者结合个人反避税的典型案例,对未来我国个人反避税发展的走向和配套个人所得税规范性文件完善的浅显思考。本文是</span></span><span class="s5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">思考之</span></span><span class="s5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">二:个人之间的关联关系如何认定?<br></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;"> 新《个税法》中的个人所得税特别纳税调整条款</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">有着一个隐含的前提就是如何认定个人与其关联方之间的关联关系</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">根据《</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">国家税务总局关于完善关联申报和同期资料管理有关事项的公告</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">》(国家税务总局2</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">016</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">年4</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">2</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">号公告)规定,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">企业与其他企业、组织或者个人具有</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">符合条件的持股比例、资金借贷、生产经营受另一方控制或重大影响、半数以上高官或董事由对方委派等关系时构成关联关系。但该文件中仅对</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">企业间</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">以及</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">企业与个人之</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">间</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">的关联关系进行了界定</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">但对个人与个人之间是否存在关联关系,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">以及</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">如何界定,尚无明确规定。<br></span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;"> 那么个人与个人之间是否存在关联关系呢?而个人之间关联关系的存在是否会成为构成关联交易,不符合独立交易原则而减少应纳税款呢?</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">假设居民个人拟将其境内企业的股权转让给境外企业,如果直接转让,应就其全部转让收入扣除股权转让成本后的应纳税所得额在境内缴纳个人所得税。但如果利用目前税法中对个人与其配偶、父母、子女等具有近亲属关系之间个人转让股权价格的特殊规定,则可以很大程度上逃避该笔税款。</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">《</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">国家税务总局关于发布《股权转让所得个人所得税管理办法(试行)》的公告</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">》</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">(国家税务总局公告2014年第67号)第十三条</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">对</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">个人“继承或将股权转让给其能提供具有法律效力身份关系证明的配偶、父母、子女、祖父母、外祖父母、孙子女、外孙子女、兄弟姐妹以及对转让人承担直接抚养或者赡养义务的抚养人或者赡养人”,</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">如果转让价格明显偏低,视为正当理由。</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">该条款对近亲属之间股权转让给予了特殊的待遇,相当于给夫妻间涉及股权的财产分割、股权在代际间的传承等行为赋予了税收的合法性,承认其价格明显偏低的公允性</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">。但这一规则一旦适用在居民与非居民构成近亲属关系的股权转让时,就将存在巨大的税收漏洞,纳税人可用以将境内资产转移至境外,并逃避境内税收负担。</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">假设该居民纳税人的配偶是我国的非居民(且该国与我国之间有税收协定),在股权转让时</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">第一步</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">通过继承</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">或转让</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">股权</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">给其配偶或其他符合条件的</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">非居民</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">近亲属</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">虽然</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">转让</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">价格明显偏低也不能对其进行</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">特别</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">纳税调整</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">从而造成对国内税基的侵蚀。</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">第二步再由非居民近亲属转让股权给最终的受让人,在该次转让时</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">如果该笔股权并不满足</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">我国与该国税收</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">协定中可在我国征税的两个条件(即股份价值的百分之五十以上直接或间接由位于缔约国另一方的不动产构成或转让行为前的十二个月内,转让人曾经直接或间接参与该公司或其他法人至少百分之二十五的资本),这时中国已经丧失了对该笔股权转让的征税权。</span></span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">所以建议尽快明确个人与个人之间关联关系的认定,可将境内个人之间的关联关系作为例外情况,不纳入特别纳税调整的范畴,但对境外的个人与境内个人的关联关系必须予以重视,对其之间不具有独立交易原则的业务往来,并获取不当税收利益的应予以特别纳税调整。</span></span><a name="_GoBack"></a><br><span class="s2" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: 华文仿宋;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">(未完待续)</span></span></h3><h5><a name="_GoBack"></a></h5><p class="s6" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 32px; font-size: 18px;"><a name="_GoBack"></a></h3>