周晓东在汉江讲坛

胡国良

<p class="s3" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: center; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">“诗中窥史”--论孟浩然遇唐玄宗事之真伪</span></span></h3><p class="s3" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: center; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">琢玉庐主人</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">关于孟浩然与唐玄宗在开元十七年的会面,最早的记录见于唐末五代初的王定保所撰《唐摭言》,此时已经距离事情的发生超过二百年,作者王定保在《唐摭言·散序》中还说过书中事迹多是从唐代末年吴融、李渥等人那里听来的。这说明对这些故事的真实性,他自己心中也没有底。《唐才子传.孟浩然》、《唐诗纪事》虽然有记录,但是成书已经很晚 ,而且并非正史。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">很多学者对孟浩然遇唐明皇一事提出质疑,也因为正史中没有明确记载此事,比较可信的国史《旧唐书.孟浩然传》与孟浩然同时代宜城人王士源编撰的《孟浩然集.序》中都没有提到此事。欧阳修虽然将此事编撰入《新唐书.孟浩然传》,明显是从《唐摭言》中</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">摘抄</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">过来的。更使得此事扑所迷离。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">古代史书记录发生的重大事件,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">布衣很难写入正史。像宋婉约派词人柳永,有井水处能歌柳词,与之文学巨大成就,官止于屯田员外郎这样小官,造成有关他的史料奇缺。孟浩然的父母官、襄州刺史、山南采访史韩朝宗在《旧唐书》无传,所以《旧唐书》对孟浩然不做详细记录,也是顺理成章的。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">这是不是说孟浩然就没有遇见过唐玄宗?答案是未必。开元十六年,张说再次兼集贤殿学士,大量提拔文士。孟浩然得此消息,立即赶往京城,因为唐代科考分明经和进士,而进士是要考诗赋。加上唐代考卷并不糊上姓名,印象分很重要,造成行卷之风盛行。孟浩然好友王维,就是先攀上玄宗弟弟岐王,后搭上玉真公主这层关系,而中头名进士。后来的李白虽然没参加科举,也走的这个途径。再后来的杜甫也是通过向向唐玄宗献赋,而走上仕途。干谒这是多数学子们的选择。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">孟浩然善于诗赋,又有过硬后台的关系。因为能上达天听的张说是他的老朋友。张说非常了解孟浩然的才华。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">因为张说也擅长山水诗。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">十二年前当他</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">被贬为岳州刺史,大量招募文士,山水唱酬</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,孟浩然向他献上著名的《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》诗。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">望洞庭湖赠张丞相</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">八月湖水平,涵虚混太清。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">气蒸云梦泽,波撼岳阳城。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">欲济无舟楫,端居耻圣明。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">坐观垂钓者,徒有羡鱼情。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">诗中不但描写八百里洞庭波澜壮阔的风光,并且委婉的表达出希望得到张说的推荐入仕的愿望。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">他们这种以相同志趣结成的友谊,往往终身不移,因为他们的精神高度是一致的,这就是所谓的“同声相应,同气相求。”</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">事实上张说以后确实为孟浩然提供无偿的帮助。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">一说此诗作于开元二二年,献于张九龄。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">这是对孟浩然诗风形成不了解,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">《毛诗序》说:“诗者</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">志之所之也、在心为志、发言为诗,情动于中而形于言。”</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">意思是诗为情感外在的载体。诗人的不同时期的精神状态,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">形成</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">诗风</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">也不同</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,孟浩然年轻时锐意进取,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">建立广泛的人脉关系,魏平柱教授</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">从王士源《孟浩然诗集序》和孟浩然诗中考察,孟浩然与之交往的人,大约有二百六十余位。这些人上至宰辅,下至百姓。一介布衣,他与“丞相范阳张九龄、侍御史京兆王维、尚书侍郎河东裴朏、大理评事河东裴总、华阴太守荥阳郑倩之、”等人结成忘形之交。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">与地方官员独孤册、韩思复、韩朝宗、</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">裴观、贾昇</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">、</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">卢僎</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">都有过密切往来。积极为入仕做准备。并且还主动外出寻找入仕机会,除去荆州干谒张说,还去过洛阳,从他写的《姚开府山池》一诗知道希望能得到丞相姚崇推荐,还作有</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">《上巳日洛中寄</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">王</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">九》、《宴包二融宅》、《李氏园卧疾》等诗。《李氏园卧疾》云“年年白社客,空滞洛阳城”,应是长期滞于洛阳。据《通鉴》记载,唐玄宗于开元十二年十一月至洛阳,一直到十五年十月才由洛阳回长安,诗人可能求仕于洛阳。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">这种积极进取态度,折射到早期</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">诗作</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,风格</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">壮逸</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">、</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">大开大阖。《吟谱》说:“孟浩然诗祖建安,宗渊明,冲澹中有壮逸之气”</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">。</span></span></h3> <p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">与颜钱塘登障楼望潮作》“</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">百里闻雷震,鸣弦暂辍弹。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">府中连骑出,江上待潮观。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">照日秋云迥,浮天渤澥宽。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">惊涛来似雪,一坐凛生寒。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">百里闻雷震,鸣弦暂辍弹”。未见江潮,先闻其声。首句五个字渲染出江潮的磅礴气势。五、六句“照日秋云迥,浮天渤澥宽”,描绘钱塘江潮到来的壮丽景象。上句以秋云迥衬托江潮远远而来,下句借浮天渤澥反映潮的浩阔。到了第七句,“惊涛来似雪”,才正面描绘江潮涌来,喷雪溅珠。但立刻又以“一坐凛生寒”收束全篇,戛然而止。“凛生寒”呼应着“来似雪”,从观潮人的触觉感受来写,尤为奇警,使读者也感到江潮扑面而来,凛然生寒</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">。笔力雄健。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">再如《与诸子登岘山》</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">“人事有代谢,往来成古今。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">江山留胜迹,我辈复登临。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">水落鱼梁浅,天寒梦泽深。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">羊公碑尚在,读罢泪沾襟。”</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">诗人站在时空坐标上睥睨一切。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">全诗表达的是一种浑阔的怀古情结,所谓“意到气足,自然混成”,给人苍凉悲壮之感。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">。还有大江分九派,淼淼成水乡。(自浔阳经明海作)。 中流见匡阜, 势压九江雄。《彭蠡湖中望庐山》这些诗风格和《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》相承一脉。气势雄浑,与后期</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">冲</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">淡平实诗风截然不同。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">此诗另有一诗题“ 临洞庭湖赠张丞相”,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">诗题</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">说明</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">赠诗地点和对象。一个望字表明受赠对象是在洞庭湖,如果张丞相在长安,孟浩然望洞庭湖赠人,可谓南北不分。临字则在表达作者也应该在洞庭湖,符合这些条件只有开元二十五年张九龄贬任荆州长史这个时期</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">因为</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">开元二一年十二月,张九龄才被授中书侍郎同中书门下平章事(宰相)兼修国史。主理朝政。开元二二年孟浩然最后一次入长安求仕。二人皆在长安,与诗中所写地点不吻合。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">如果是写于开元二十五年,此时孟浩然已经</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">48岁,进入暮年,根本无意入仕了。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">入张九龄幕,只是回报张感遇之恩,很有可能只是去看望老朋友,因为入幕只有一年时间就离开,中间大部分都是在附近及百越等地游历。在荊州有上張九齡詩,荊門上張丞相(冬作)從張丞相游南紀城獵戲贈裴迥(迪)張參軍(冬作)陪張丞相自松滋江東泊渚宮(冬作)陪張丞相登嵩(當)陽樓(冬作)陪張丞相登荊州城樓同(因)寄荊州(薊門)張史(使)君(冬作) 这些诗</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">明确表示无意于幕僚生活</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,与“欲济无舟楫, 端居耻圣明。坐观垂钓者, 徒有羡鱼情”的进取心态截然不同。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">因此这首诗只可能是赠张说的,事实也是因为张说的引荐,孟浩然得以在集贤殿,与当时一流文人联诗而名声大噪 。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;"></span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">孟浩然开元十六年向长安出发,应进士不第,滞留京都一年,希望献赋求仕。事实这种自我营销方式初期也取得巨大反响,王士源《孟浩然集.序》提到;(浩然)闲游秘省,秋月新霁,诸英华赋诗作会。浩然句曰:“微云淡河汉,疏雨滴梧桐。”举座嗟其清绝,咸阁笔不复为继。由是誉满京华。传说就有四个人(王维、李白、张说、李元紘)向玄宗推荐过孟。唐玄宗是极其爱才的君主,史载李峤密奏要对相王李旦儿子不利,李隆基发动“唐隆政变”,从宫中收出密函,并没惩处这个欲杀自己之人</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,理由只有一个爱才</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">。晚年夜登勤政楼,命梨园子弟唱曲。伶人便唱了一首李峤的旧作《汾阴行》:"富贵荣华能几时,山川满目泪沾衣。不见只今汾水上,惟有年年秋雁飞。"唐玄宗听得百感交集,不禁潸然泪下,连连赞叹道:"李峤真才子也。(《本事诗》)。而李白进宫朝见那天,玄宗降辇步迎,“以七宝床赐食于前,亲手调羹</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,把有才华的李白视作家人。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">此时的孟浩然名动京华,又有众多人推荐,唐玄宗没有理由不亲自召见孟浩然。</span></span><span style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px;">&nbsp;</span></h3> <p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">唐玄宗何时何地见孟浩然,众说纷纭,莫能辩也。但是会见之事还是有蛛丝马迹可循的。开元二三年,孟浩然从长安归来,李白向他赠诗</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">吾爱孟夫子,风流天下闻。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">红颜弃轩冕,白首卧松云。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">醉月频中圣,迷花不事君。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">高山安可仰,徒此揖清芬。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">古代</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">天授皇权,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">家国一而二,二而一,本诗确分开而谈,层层推进。红颜弃轩冕,是赞扬孟不向朝廷妥协,不踏入官场同流合污,而迷花不事君则是目标具体到人,是特指,这里的君是君上,除唐玄宗外别无他人。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">不做官与不事君如果是一件事,诗就合掌。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">如果唐玄宗并没有见过孟浩然,这么重大的事,李白也不可能如此妄言。诗中并没有称赞孟浩然的才华,而是大写特写他的品格,这当然是需要事实做依据,孟浩然的“弃轩冕、不是事君”已经是“风流天下闻”。这也赢得“安能摧眉折腰事权贵”的李白的共鸣。从而在诗中给予高度评价。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">另一佐证是孟浩然本人《岁暮归南山》的诗,其中也透露出端倪;《岁暮归南山》</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">北阙休上书,南山归敝庐。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">不才明主弃,多病故人疏。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">白发催年老,青阳逼岁除。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">永怀愁不寐,松月夜窗虚。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">《新唐书》《唐才子传》《唐摭言》都记载这首是面呈唐玄宗的诗。其实大谬,这首诗应该是写于见玄宗之后。试从诗本义来解读,北阙休上书,(北阙、魏阙、凤确、帝阙都指皇宫,代指朝廷)不要再向朝廷进言了。换成现代语就是我再不陪你们玩了。落第本平常事,晚唐罗隐考十多次,韩愈也考过四次。今年不过大不了明年再考。诗写的如此决绝,应该是先遭受落第打击,又得到皇帝终极裁决后的绝望。退一步说这首也不符合干谒诗的特点(“第一不可太自贬身份,措辞总要不卑不亢,又不能十分露出一种寒乞相,也不可过分颂扬对方”(喻守真《唐诗三百首详析》) ,干谒诗首要得体,把自己优势展现出来。在关系到人生重大转折关口,一定是事前缜密准备好,百里挑一的力作。如皮日休以《皮子文薮》十卷二百篇作为行卷,杜牧曾行诗一卷,有一百五十 篇,以数量取胜。薛保逊则好行巨编,自号金刚杵。这些记录都说明行卷为达到引起显者注意,而各显神通。 纵观《岁暮归南山》这首诗牢骚满纸,所言皆个人得失,格局不大。艺术表达上也乏善可陈,议论过多,比兴不足。并不能代表他自己的艺术风格和成就。孟浩然经过一年筹备,事到临头,确将如此唐突的诗拿给皇帝看,是自毁前程,于情于理说不通。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">再看诗第二句南山归敝庐,在落第献赋情况下,“授衣当九月,无褐竟谁怜”,孟浩然在九月已经告穷,连连作詩写落拓困頓之況,如“北土非吾愿,东林怀我师”《秦中感秋寄远上人》,“寄言当路者,去矣北山岑。”《秦中苦雨思归,赠袁左丞、贺侍郎》。抒壯志未酬之愤,表示將拂衣离开長安。年底在求仕不遂,不得不打道回襄。诗句说明的正是此经过。孟浩然老宅在涧南园,中有南亭,靠近岘首山南,他在《题长安主人壁》诗中:“久废南山田”,南山在这里是实指</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">,是写作的地点</span></span></h3><p class="s6" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 42px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">“青阳逼岁除”一句既点题岁暮归南山,又从一个则面道出写作时间地点。春节团年是华夏传统,沿袭至今。诗人求仕求仕无望,囊中羞涩,留在长安已经没有意义。作者</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">冬,离开长安,经洛阳,至襄阳北部的邓州(隋旧名穰县)一带遇雪</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">作《和张二自穰县还途中遇雪》诗,“今日南归楚,双飞似入秦”,“似入秦”应指去年冬天的冒雪入长安。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">开元十六年戊辰(728),四十岁冬,往长安赴进士举,途中遇雪,作《赴京途中遇雪》。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">据《元和郡县志》卷二十三《山南道·邓州》“(邓州)南至襄州一百八十里”,可知此次诗人确实归还家乡,且在田园中度过新岁,作《田家元日》</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">田家元日</span></span></h3><p style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><a href="https://so.gushiwen.org/authorv_3811e4e1f460.aspx"><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">孟浩然</span></span></a></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">昨夜斗回北,今朝岁起东。</span></span><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;"><br></span></span><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">我年已强仕,无禄尚忧农。</span></span><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;"><br></span></span><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">桑野就耕父,荷锄随牧童。</span></span><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;"><br></span></span><span class="s7" style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; font-size: 16px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 28.799999237060547px; font-size: 1.5em;">田家占气候,共说此年丰。</span></span></h3><p class="s6" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 42px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">元日即大年初一,</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">“我来已强仕,无禄唯尚农”,《礼记·曲礼上》有“四十曰强而仕”,故应为是年所作。&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">并且诗题是《岁暮归南山》而不是欲归,学者们不知为什么揣着明白装糊涂,非要说落第长安写的。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">诗第三句</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">“不才明主弃”</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">直接透露是与唐玄宗会面结果。因为科举失利在诗首句已经点出,没必要再次重说。孟浩然落第后,写过很多牢骚诗,都没有直指君上,毕竟科举是国家制度。并非个体行为,事后孟还表示“魏阙心恒在”。假设没有这次会面,他也不应该归咎与皇帝个人。否则还真是如唐玄宗所言“奈何诬我”,真相只有一个,是他没通过皇帝亲自面试。 好好友王维了解其中内幕,所以并没鼓励他继续入仕,而一反常态在送别诗;</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><br></h3> <p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">送孟六归襄阳</span></span></h3><p class="s8" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 56px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">王维</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">杜门不复出,久与世情疏。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">以此为良策,劝君归旧庐。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">醉歌田舍酒,笑读古人书。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">好是一生事,无劳献子虚。</span></span></h3><p class="s5" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">中让他安心做隐士</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">中让他安心做隐士。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">诗最后一句松月夜窗虚,景为诗之媒,情乃诗之胚,诗中景物是精心提炼过的,有鲜明地域代表性。孟浩然这时应该住在山里,房子四周有松树。这个环境用来描写当时最繁华大都市的长安,并不恰如其分。&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">另一个佐证唐代诗僧贯休在《经孟浩然旧居》一诗中写到’</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">孔圣嗟大谬,玄宗争奈何。</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">空馀岘山色,千古共嵯峨。’</span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">玄宗争奈何应该也是指开元十七年这次会面。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">是替唐玄宗惋惜,这么优秀才没能为帝国所用。</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;"></span></span></h3><p class="s4" style="line-height: 21.600000381469727px; text-indent: 28px; text-align: justify; font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: 18px; white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961);"><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">从当事人孟浩然的诗,好友李白以及贯休的诗中,基本可以确定唐玄宗召见过孟浩然,虽然详情无法了解,但是事情发展的基本脉络还是清晰的,经此打击,孟浩然布衣终</span></span><span class="s2" style="line-height: 16.799999237060547px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Calibri;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px; font-size: 1.5em;">老</span></span></h3> <h3>美女诗人们下午继续活动,游览月亮湾公园。看把她们美的!</h3>