<p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌(1555--1636),有明一代杰出书画家、艺术理论家、品鉴家和收藏家。董氏书宗“二王”,熔铸众长而自成一家,对后世影响甚巨。董氏书论,资料丰富,其于临帖及创作,虽时涉禅悦,实每中肯綮。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“宋四家”中之米芾,直取晋人风神,为继承“二王”嫡脉的写帖巨擘,董氏书艺砺炼当中自是高度关注、推重并引为楷模的。董氏书论中涉及米颠者颇多。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">拙文拟单就董氏论米之材料,加以梳理,从中<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">探寻其对书法的深刻认识及艺事精进的心路历程,而对今日之学书者,当亦不无启迪意义。</span></span></h3> <p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">▲董其昌《画禅室随笔》</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌论书材料,大都以题跋形式集中于他的诗文集《容台集•别集》卷二、卷三和《画禅室随笔》卷一中。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">先择要列四条董氏论米题跋:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1.</span>《画禅室随笔》卷一第23条:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">……吾尝评米书,以为宋朝第一,毕竟出东坡之上,山谷直以品胜,然非专门名家也。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2.</span>《画禅室随笔》卷一第36条:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">……然自唐以后,未有能过元章书者。……</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3.</span>《容台别集》卷二:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">……山谷评米书如仲繇(按“繇”当作由,即子路)未见孔子时气象,则米老未必心服。盖米于前代书法,盘旋甚深,非苏、黄所及也。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4.</span>《容台别集》卷二《题米书<乐圃帖>》:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">米元章书,沉着痛快,直夺晋人之神。……</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们从董氏这几条书评中,足可以窥知米元章在他心目中的分量。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">众所周知,董其昌是“二王”一脉帖系书法大家。董氏沿此路径学书,同所有写帖大家一样,也是通过长期师法前贤,不断求索,参悟书理,方得而深入堂奥的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董氏尝言:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">余十七岁学书,初学颜鲁公《多宝塔》,稍去而之锺、王,得其皮耳。更二十年,学宋人,乃得其解处。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可知董氏至中年时,是因为通过“学宋人”而对学帖一途有了更深刻的理解。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而宋人之中,如上所举董氏书评,<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在他心目中最为推重的,乃是他认为居宋朝书法首位的接伍“二王”嫡脉、“直夺晋人之神”的米元章。由此,我们便不难推想,董氏之“学宋人”而得“解处”,盖主要是由米元章的师承渊源、学书途径和学书办法上获得大启示的。</span></span></h3> <p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">▲米芾《真酥帖》</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">检《容台别集》卷二、卷三,共收董氏书品题跋314条,其中涉及米老者约60条。《画禅室随笔》卷一(含“论用笔”、“评法书”、“跋自书”、“评旧帖”),共收161条,涉米者38条,部分条目与《别集》互见,但也有些条目《别集》没有。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外,从晚明以降许多书画著录书中如《秘殿珠林•石渠宝笈三编》、清卞永誉《式古堂书画汇考》、裴景福《壮陶阁书画录》以及当代人编集的《中国古代书画图目》、《中国书画全书》等,又能寻得不少。<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">故粗略估计,董氏论米题跋,当在百条左右,可见其于米老之重视程度。</span>高度重视,也就意味着董氏所受米老沾溉与影响之深。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">综观董氏论书,当然也包括论米,看似蜻蜓点水,散漫无序,实则均非空泛之谈,而是在在皆同他自身书法砺炼紧密结合的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">今就董氏论米材料略加梳理,撮其精要,乃<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">得以下认识</span>——<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董氏既目米书“直夺晋人之神”,当属继承“二王”风范最为纯正一派,这固同董氏学书之师承渊源非常合辙。此其一。其二,在取法途径与学书办法上,董氏很好地借鉴了米老的成功经验。这一成功经验的核心所在,就是不论临习古帖还是创作,均要“得势”,或谓“以势为主”。</span></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">先引《海岳名言》一段米老的夫子自道:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">……壮岁未能立家,人谓吾书为集古字。盖取诸长处,总而成之;既老始自成家;人见之,不知以何为祖也。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">米老至中年,遍临锺、王以降诸家墨迹,下过极深的“集古字”的功夫,《宋史•本传》说他“特精于翰墨,沉著飞翥,得王献之笔意。画山水人物,自名一家,尤工临移,至乱真不可辨。”虽然指的是临移古画至于乱真,其实他临摹前人书迹亦能极肖似。如传世王献之《中秋帖》,即有学者考订为米老所临。然而倘若仅止于此,便不是书法史上真正的米元章了。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">恰在中年时,发生了一件决定米书命运的事情,那就是米芾前辈人——吴越王钱俶族孙钱勰(字穆父),看到他的字,对他提出批评,言内言外总的意思是说,不可仅以集古字为能事,<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">要(读平声)须“得势”,方能真正登上书法之殿堂。</span>穆父的点拨,使元章大悟,以后的情况自然就大不一样了。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董氏题跋中,结合自己临帖、创作或品鉴前人作品,亦反复提到米老的这段轶事:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《容台别集》卷二一条云:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">……米元章为集古字,已为钱穆父所诃,云须得势,自此大进。……</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">同卷另一条又提到:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">……襄阳少时不能自立家,专事摹帖,人谓之“集古字”,已有规之者,曰:“须得势乃传。”正谓此。因书《舞鹤赋》及之。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">还有一条,即前边所引《题米书<乐圃帖>》,中间一段话为:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">……(米元章)少壮未能立家,一一规模古帖,及钱穆父诃其刻画太甚,当以势为主,乃大悟,脱尽本家笔,自出机轴。如禅家悟后,拆肉还母,拆骨还父,呵佛骂祖,面目非故。虽苏、黄相见,不无气慑。晚年自言,无一点右军俗气,良有以也。……</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外,董氏题跋中提及“得势”或“以势为主”者,尚有多处,不一一列举了。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">那么,董氏所标举的写字要“得势”或“以势为主”,不消说肯定有其深意在。下面笔者便试图对此谈些看法。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">▲米芾《知府帖》(又称《长者帖》) 纸本 行书 纵29.8厘米 横49.6厘米 台北故宫博物院藏。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《中国书法》2010年第3期,刊发黄惇先生撰文《目鉴和董其昌的书法之路》。黄先生对董氏反复强调的这一命题予以高度评价。他写道:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于米芾“以势为主,不使一实笔”的观点,董其昌曾多次在不同时段提到,也足见这一观点对于他是多么重要。“以势为主”,就是说在书写中高度重视“势”的作用,无论笔势、字势、局势,凡“势”必动,动则势存,不动则势亡。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">黄惇先生对于“以势为主”的这一诠释,甚有见地。凡“势”必动,动则活,不动则死。黄先生所拈出的“笔势”、“字势”、“局势”也很有意思。盖指用笔、结字、通篇布局,均要活。把字写活,的确是关乎临古和创作中很重要的东西。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">笔者以为,传统书论中的“势”,大概还跟“力”有关系,跟“气”有关系,跟“韵”有关系,跟“神”也有关系。这四项,如一一细说,话必长,因篇幅所限,只得点到为止了。总之,从挥写操作来讲,书法之“得势”,则除了要把字写活之外,笔道要有力度(内含之力而非剑拔弩张之力),通篇之气要足(元气充盈而呈大气象),同时还要有韵味,有神采。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而,尚不止此。笔者以为,<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">写字之“得势”,还有更为深层的内涵。</span>那就是高明的书家在取法上一能洞明所学诸家之笔势、字势、局势,二能融会贯通,善于汲取诸家笔势、字势、局势之长,总而成之,脱胎换骨,自出机轴,化为自家的笔势、自家的字势、自家的局势,总之化为自家写字之势。<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董氏所谓“书家以豪逸有气,能自结撰为极则。”</span>盖即指此。这同人们常说的学古之能通变,熔铸百家,自成一家,大抵也是一个意思。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌紧紧抓住米老因“得势”而“始自成家”这一点,既是一个非常重要的认识问题,也可以看作是统领董氏学书全局,使之修成正果的至为关键的不二法门。</span></h3> <p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(一)关于取法</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">米元章有一个临摹诸家“集古字”的长过程。董其昌亦自谓:“吾书无所不临仿。”他由米悟得学书须“得势”,大约也是在中年时,此后他临仿古帖便不大刻求形似了(真要肖似,他是能做到的)。董其昌有一段名言:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">临帖如骤遇异人,不必相其耳目、手足、头面,当观其举止笑语、精神流露处。《庄子》所谓“目击而道存”者也。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">又云:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">临古人书,要在神会意得耳。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌题跋中有好多讲他学“二王”,学智永,学欧、虞、褚,学李北海,学张颠、醉素,学颜、柳,学杨少师乃至学黄、米等等诸家书,都是用了此种办法来汲收对己最有益的法乳,这当然是最高层次的学书法。董其昌的结论是:<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“书家未有学古而不变者也。”</span>就此,他特别标举唐人(五代杨凝式亦在内)之善学古人而能变。如说:<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“唐人书无不出于‘二王’,但能脱去临仿之迹,故称名家。”</span>又云:<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“余尝谓右军父子之书,至齐梁而风流顿尽。自唐初虞、褚辈变其法,乃不合而合,右军父子殆似复生。此言大可意会。盖临摹最易,神气难传故也。”</span>董其昌的这些话是很深刻的。米老的名世是其重要参照对象,唐人更是其参照对象,最终达成一个目标——直入晋人堂奥,在大家林立的夹缝中趟出自己的一条路来。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(二)关于结字</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌说,米海岳花多年工夫“集古字”,“盖于结字最留意,比其晚年,始自出新意耳。”受其启迪,董氏亦发愿:<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“晋唐人结字,须一一录出,时常参取,此最关要。”</span>可知,结字问题,他是非常重视的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">▲米芾《向乱帖》,又称《寒光帖》 淡黄纸本。行草书。纵27.3厘米 横30.3厘米 北京故宫博物院藏。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌由米而悟结字亦须“得势”。于古人书,单纯规模形似,他是不取的;至于平板呆滞,他更是目为恶俗的。他纵观<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“古人作书,必不作正局。……《兰亭》非不正,其纵宕用笔处,无迹可寻。若形模相似,转去之远。”</span>又谓:<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“字须奇宕潇洒,时出新致,以奇为正,不主故常。”</span>以“二王”为代表的晋人书,正是如此。后世书家,他则以为<span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“惟米痴能会其趣耳”</span>。其见地可谓不浅。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">书家的字,若论风神面目,则多半取决于结字之特点,结字之自出新意。董其昌博参诸家,最终形成自家的“字势”,赋以宽松大气,自然而不做作之美感。字的姿态上,与米异趣,米是稍向左倾,董则是稍往右斜。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而董书若依现代人看,还是比较平正的。何止是董?古人的字,大抵都是比较平正的。但平正当中又蕴含着丰富的变化,迸射出奇异的火花,这就很不简单了。(三)关于用笔</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌评米书“直夺晋人之神”,仅用了“沉著痛快”四字以概之,这是非常耐人寻味的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“沉著痛快”(是指用笔遒劲,骨力内含而又虚灵挺拔,干净利索),是古法用笔最核心的东西。不光是米芾,历代书家亦无不奉此为圭臬。董氏于此,领悟甚深,又是身体力行者,故尤多精警之论。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如说:“米海岳云:无垂不缩,无往不收。此八字真言,无等等咒也。……”,意指要笔笔到位,笔笔讲究。那么,如何做到笔笔到位、笔笔讲究而达于沉著痛快呢?董氏为我们提供了极其珍贵的经验。归纳其要领为:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一是要“提得笔起”,意思是说,运笔时,笔锋须顺着笔道方向走,且要向上提着劲儿写,而不是笔锋偏侧,或用力向下笔肚子着纸。此即所谓提笔中锋(或谓正锋、藏锋),也就是董氏所强调的“须有用笔如太阿剸截之意。盖以劲利取势,虚和取韵,颜鲁公所谓如印印泥,如锥画沙是也。”</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二是特别注重笔画发笔(落笔、起笔)之多种手法。董氏形容为“于发笔处出锋如抽刀断水”,盖高手作书,发笔时因笔锋瞬间着纸,方向角度不同,便会呈现无限多的出尖的带棱角的笔道端头形状。这种涉及古法用笔极细微的地方,董其昌所推重的米老书实得个中三昧,他当然是非常留心的。如《书<禊帖>后》云:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此本发笔处,是唐人口口相授笔诀也。米海岳深得其意。舟过崇德县观。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">按,《禊帖》即《兰亭序》,董氏所观当是一种唐人精摹本。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(四)关于用墨</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">修炼点画质量,一靠用笔,二靠用墨。董其昌于用墨钻研极深,付诸实践,成就卓著。尝谓:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">字之巧处,在用笔,尤在用墨。然非多见古人真迹,不足与语及此窍也。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">用墨须使有润,不可使其枯燥,尤忌秾肥,肥则大恶道矣。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这两段话,可以说把用笔之法及其妙处全讲到家了。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“二王”真迹已不可见。唐人摹本,虽隔了一层,然仍能触摸到用墨之精巧。书法史上最善用墨者,据称一是米芾,一就是董其昌。董既推许米,于米用墨,当必留意。观米书《蜀素帖》等墨迹,无论浓枯,皆可称极淋漓润泽之致。而董氏用墨,其温润韵味则似更在米老之上了。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(五)关于章法</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">古人论书,以章法为一大事,盖所谓行间茂密是也。余见米痴小楷作《西园雅集图记》,是纨扇,其直如弦。此必非有他道,乃平日留意章法耳。右军《兰亭序》,章法为古今第一,其字皆映带而生,或小或大,随手所如,皆入法则,所以为神品也。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这是董其昌关于章法的一段全面论述。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">章法处理,是关乎书法创作的大问题。创作作品,整体经营非常重要。把要书写的文字内容安排进去,加上落款,分行布白,秩序井然,使之成为一个有机的整体。此种善于总体经营的能力,是书家所应具备的,也是须要修炼的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但是,章法的完成,又是书写的全过程的发挥。结字的功夫,用笔的功夫,用墨的功夫,乃至书家的字外功夫,统统都灌注进去了,达到个什么程度,也都统统暴露出来了,明眼人一看就明白。所以字势、笔势、墨韵、局势是一个浑然的整体,处处都要非常讲究的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌说“古人论书,以为章法是一大事”,固有其深刻的道理。董氏举米书小楷《西园雅集图记》“其直如弦”,盖指米老之字行气贯通,行气是章法中很重要的东西。董氏推崇《兰亭序》“章法为古今第一”,实亦包含了王右军书写技能的极致展现,字里行间,优游自在,大小、长短、宽窄、欹侧,相互辉映,生动活泼,其境界之高超,皆可谓“随心所欲不逾矩”。一般来讲,书写高手,若米老、香光辈,都有很强的处理章法的能力。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">尤须指出的是,董氏潜心于章法之经营,更有开拓之功。字距大,行距也大的所谓疏朗的布局形式,唐代李北海是先行者,五代杨少师《韭花帖》世称典范,米元章偶尔染指,到董香光之手,乃发扬到极致,几成其创作之定式。这当然同他追求高古、疏淡的书风取向,是一致的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(六)关于小字与大字</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董其昌《临海岳<千文>跋后》云:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">米海岳行书传于世间,与晋人几争道驰矣。顾其平生所自负者为小楷,贵重不肯多写,以故罕见其迹。……</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">董氏所见米书小楷仅两件,一是此件《千文》,还有一件即《西园雅集图记》蝇头小字。董氏受米影响,于小楷亦用力甚勤,《画禅室随笔》中涉及小楷的题跋有10多条,大多讲他取法前人,一个中心意思便是“小楷不易工”,言外之意是他要攻破这一难关,“功夫不饶人”,他的目的终于实现了。他也如米那样自负地说:</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">吾书无所不临仿,最得意在小楷书。而懒于拈笔,但以行草行世,亦都非作意书,第率尔酬应耳。若使当其合处,便不能追踪晋宋,断不在唐人后乘也。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">其实何止米、董,书史上写帖大家,也大都是小字(小楷、小行草)见长的。相比之下,今日之中青年作者,小行草还马马虎虎过得去,但小楷真正写得够意思又很活便的,就很少了。这不能不说是传统的流失。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">昔颜平原拜见张长史请益笔法,有“小字展令大,大字促令小”之教,董氏曾依此法以《黄庭》、《乐毅》为人题榜,颇不满意。“因悟小楷法欲可展为方丈者,乃尽势也。题榜如细字,亦跌宕自在,惟米襄阳近之。”董书大字也很有气派,当亦自米老“大字如小字,小字如大字”[37]之精论受益不少。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">余论</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一、拙文重心是董其昌论米所得写字要“得势”这一重要命题。“得势”的方方面面,对我们今天的学书者来说,有重要的启示意义。“得势”是一个认识问题,有这个认识跟没有这个认识,情况大不一样,此其一;其二,写字“得势”,又绝非一蹴而就,而是必须有一个认识逐步深入、渐修顿悟的长过程,方能达于彼岸的。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">▲董其昌 《跋唐摹万岁通天帖》 局部,辽宁省博物馆藏</span></h3> <p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-weight: 700; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二、董其昌涉取米老等诸家之长,最终能够独辟蹊径,靠的是什么?靠的是字内功和字外功双管齐下。</span>丰厚的字外滋养,使他对书法得以有很高的识见。传世《容台集》十七卷不用说了,董氏又是艺术鉴赏家、收藏家,《明史•本传》称其“精于品题,收藏家得片语只字以为重。”有学者研究,董氏极有可能是明代著名小说《金瓶梅》最早接触者。他还曾一度拥有迄今所知收集最广的元代戏曲集——《也是园古今杂剧》(首由明赵琦美辑集,现藏于北京国家图书馆)。</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">字内功和字外功双管齐下,成就了董其昌,成就了古代无数名家。我们今天的学书者,欲有所成,该当如何?</span></h3> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#ed2308"><b>安徽宣城 古法传统工艺,做好每一张纸,传于子孙书。书友可扫二维码了解更多。</b></font></h3> <h3><b><font color="#ed2308">古法工艺制作,生产各类皮纸,褚皮,山桠,檀皮,雁皮等皮纸,豆腐宣,古法腊染等。适合篆隶楷行草书法创作。厂家直销价,欢迎书友加微信了解更多。</font></b></h3>