婴幼儿的爬行发展(下)

奋斗青年

<h3>●爬行的优点: (1)促进平衡协调功能 从运动学的角度切入,对侧上、下肢的交叉的、对角线的运动模式(Cross-diagonal Pattern)”的运动模式比同侧性左右对称的运动模式和相同肢体的左右对称运动模式的重心点的高低和重心向左右的变动范围要小,而且重心在支撑平面(base of support:BOS)的移动幅度也较小,所以是一种姿势稳定的移动成熟移动模式。 在这样的运动模式下,婴儿在爬行时必须把抬头、胸腹离地、用四肢支撑身体的重量。这可使手、脚、胸、腹、背、手臂和腿的肌肉得到适当锻炼而逐步发达起来。 而且爬行是全身的动作,必须靠手脚运动协调才能爬得好,所以也可让宝宝身体的平衡协调功能得到完善发展。<br></h3> <h3>(2)建立细动作发展的基础 出生第一年儿童手的动作从什么都不会,进而发展到用手大把抓,手的拇指和其他四指的抓握,再进一步发展到手的拇指和食指合作的捏拿,手眼动作的协调,而爬行为将来的手的动作发展做好了最基本的准备(李红、何磊,2003)。 爬行的动作所需上肢支撑身体,除了身体需出力气外,近端关节如肩关节肘关节、腕关节等都须协同出力支撑身体,除了可加强手腕、肩膀的力量,也能促进手弓发展及伸展肌腱,手的动作发展和巩固就是在这样的基础上迅速发展。 手的动作就更加精巧了,不仅能够用手完成一些独立生活的事情,如喝水、吃饭、穿衣等等,也逐渐能够做一些技巧动作,如折纸、画画、搭积木等等。 跳过爬行的阶段,可能会让儿童之精细动作发展受到影响,如餐具的使用及握铅笔的姿势。 美国纽约医学院儿童职能治疗专家Felice Sklamberg提出,未经过爬行之儿童他们上肢的力量普遍比有经过爬行阶段的儿童来得差,像是撑地板站起、攀爬绳梯、拉住球池边缘站起等较须躯干及近端关节稳定度的动作上都较差。<br></h3> <h3>   (3)建立视觉认知能力的基础 Gross的研究指出(Gross,2006),比较9个月大会爬及不会爬的婴儿发现,9个月大会爬,拥有较多移动经验的婴儿,在视觉空间搜寻的表现上较佳。 在Kermoian and Campos (1988)及Bell and Fox (1997)的研究中也发现类似的结果,有较长爬行经验婴儿在对象操作及空间搜寻的表现上较佳。 Bai and Bertenthal (1992)指出有较长四爬经验的婴儿较能组织视觉讯息及整合环境中的讯息,并做出较适当的动作反应。 多篇研究指出爬行能力与心像旋转能力(Mental Rotation)间有显著正相关(Schwarzeretal,2012;MooreandJohnson,2008,2011;Camposetal.,1980),有较而及较精熟爬行经验及技巧的婴儿,在心像旋转的测验上要较佳的表现,作者指出较好的动作能力能提供对象探索及操作的基础,以建立视觉认知及视觉心像的能力。<br></h3> <h3>根据Warren的视觉认知(Hierarchical Model for Visual Perception) (Warren,1993),视野、视力、及眼球动作为视觉认知发展的基础,在俯卧卫下的爬行,除了要稳定姿势外,还须随着身体身体不断的移动,应用本体感觉及前庭觉调整头部在直立的位置,以维持垂直平面的视觉,促进视觉、前庭感觉及本体感觉的整合,提供视觉搜寻及眼球动作的基础。 4.提升问题解决能力及目标导向行为 有学者提出(陶沙、董奇、王雁平、Campos,1999),迂回行为是指应儿在面临空间中的障碍时,不能直接达到目的的情况下, 换用间接途径达成既定目的。 例如,婴儿绕过直接面对的障碍物够取玩具, 就是一种典型的迁回行为(陶沙、董奇、王雁平、Campos,1999)。 可见爬行为一种重要的策略性空间问题解决行为。 研究8-10个月婴儿爬行经验与迂回行为发展的关系,发现在运用统计方法控制婴儿年龄因素的影响下,会爬的婴儿在得分上显著高于不会爬的婴儿,并且爬行时间较长, 则婴儿的迂回任务表现也较好,显示爬行经验对婴儿迁回行为的发展具有促进作用。 爬行迂回的过程中,婴儿遇见障碍物时,藉由不断尝试越过障碍物的过程,婴儿需应用视觉讯息,确认障碍物、玩具位置及自己的位置,并应用本体感觉及前庭觉控制头部位置及动作,以搜寻目标物及应用手脚爬行,尝试使用不同路降绕行障碍物,并用手去翻转障碍物以拿到玩具,过程中促进到多种感觉的整合,以达到任务目标,解决拿不到玩具的问题。 所以爬行也能促进婴儿的问体解决能力。<br></h3> <h3>5.建立惯用手的基础 婴儿需要大量的爬行和行走经验才能对环境的变化做出适应性的反应。 同时随着动作的不断发展,学习对新环境的适应,从而促进认知及动作的发展(李红、何磊,2003)。 婴儿获得新的技巧时,像是坐、爬、走等,除了要控制动作及姿势外,以必须学力以双手利用新的动作做探索。这样的探索会影响惯用手的发展,因此爬行动作的精熟,会让婴儿手部的使用朝向单侧伸取动作(Uni-manual Reaching),由两侧对称动作(Symmetry Pattern)朝向两侧不对称(Asymmetrypattern)动作做发展,为大脑侧化(Lateralization)及惯用手(Handedness)的发展打下基础。<br></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;">6.促进社交互动及情绪发展</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">爬行可以让婴儿探索较远距离的环境、设施及目标,及与家长及其他人互动,除了可以带给婴儿幸福感(Happiness)外,还可以增进婴儿的模仿学习,藉由爬行的独立移动,观察其他人的脸部表情,促进婴儿的情绪表达及社交互动</span></h3> <p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(227, 108, 9); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 18px; line-height: 22.37px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.7px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">●</span></strong>结论</span></strong></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></strong></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">虽然爬行并非动作发展之重要指标,但<strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;">爬行对宝宝而言仍有许多好处</strong>:</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(61, 170, 214); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 22.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;">★</span>如宝宝爬行时因颈部的肌肉运动多,对视觉焦距的形成会有帮助,并且可以建立视觉认知发展的基础。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(61, 170, 214); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 22.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;">★</span>宝宝爬行可增加颈部、躯干及腰部、腿部的力量,对角线模式的爬行,还可促进不对称的运动模式,建立惯用手发展的基础及平衡能力。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(61, 170, 214); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 22.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;">★</span>婴儿具备爬行能力可以促进空间探索的机会,除了建立细动作发展的基础,以增加与其他人互动的机会,藉此增进模仿能力。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(61, 170, 214); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 22.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;">★</span>另外爬行,对宝宝来说是一项全身运动,能量消耗较大,这种活动与坐着相比,能量消耗要多上1倍,比躺着要多两倍。由于身体能量消耗增加,宝宝就吃得多、睡得好,因此爬行可提高宝宝的新陈代谢,有助于身体的生长发育。爬行运动对于宝宝来说可以说是好处多多!</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">爬行Q&amp;A:</span></strong></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宝宝爬行是必要的吗?</span></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(64, 118, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important;">常有父母询问,他们的小朋友未经过爬行的阶段,对以后的发展是否有影响?</span><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">虽然爬行有许多好处,但是也有学者并不认为省略爬行会对小朋友有多大影响,因为目前并无大规模的科学实验证明省略爬行会对小朋友造成负面影响。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外,宝宝是否会爬行并无法预测之后未来其他(如站立或走路等)动作之发展;而且现今《<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 22.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word !important;">丹佛儿童发展筛检量表</span>》也未将爬行列为筛检之项目。宝宝跳过爬行阶段之发展,家长并不需要过度紧张。</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;</span></h3><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: 0.544px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但若是儿童除了不会爬外,也不会翻身或坐的话,家长可能就要注意宝宝是否有其他发展上的问题,此外,若宝宝爬行时只使用单侧肢体,父母也要特别注意,要带宝宝去给小儿神经科医师做详细的检查。</span></h3>